Wearable biosensors for semi-invasive, real-time monitoring of analytes, and related methods and apparatus

A biosensor comprising:

• a sensor photonic integrated circuit (PIC) configured to be positioned inside a human body, the sensor PIC comprising one or more optical analyte sensors each functionalized by a respective layer of binding ligands, wherein a first optical analyte sensor of the one or more optical analyte sensors is functionalized for label-free sensing of a particular analyte and wherein at least wherein at least one second optical analyte sensor of the one or more optical analyte sensors is functionalized for sensing of background signals;
• and
• a patch comprising a first portion of a reader system optically coupled to the sensor PIC by a coupling component, the reader system configured to provide optical signals to the one or more optical analyte sensors and receive signals provided by the one or more optical analyte sensors, and further configured to determine one or more characteristics of one or more analytes sensed by the one or more optical analyte sensors based on the signals provided by the one or more optical analyte sensors,
• wherein a second portion of the reader system is co-located with the sensor PIC and comprises a light source, and wherein the first portion of the reader system further comprises a photodetector corresponding to the light source.