Stabilization of tryptamines by denaturing enzymes, optimizing ionization states, and controlling confounding variables

A composition, comprising tryptamines and a polypeptide, wherein:

• the tryptamines comprise phosphoryloxytryptamines and hydroxytryptamines;
• the phosphoryloxytryptamines comprise psilocybin and norbaeocystin;
• the psilocybin comprises both of (a) zwitterionic psilocybin, which comprises a monoanionic phosphonate ester and a cationic azanium, and (b) anionic psilocybin, which comprises a dianionic phosphonate ester and a second cationic azanium;
• the zwitterionic psilocybin has the chemical formula [2-(4-phosphonooxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-dimethylazanium, in which phosphonooxy is the monoanionic phosphonate ester;
• the anionic psilocybin has the chemical formula [2-(4-phosphonatooxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-dimethylazanium, in which phosphonatooxy is the dianionic phosphonate ester;
• the norbaeocystin comprises both of (c) zwitterionic norbaeocystin, which comprises a second monoanionic phosphonate ester and a third cationic azanium, and (d) anionic norbaeocystin, which comprises a second dianionic phosphonate ester and a fourth cationic azanium;
• the zwitterionic norbaeocystin has the chemical formula 2-(4-phosphonooxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethylazanium, in which phosphonooxy is the second monoanionic phosphonate ester;
• the anionic norbaeocystin has the chemical formula 2-(4-phosphonatooxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethylazanium, in which phosphonatooxy is the second dianionic phosphonate ester;
• the hydroxytryptamines comprise psilocin and 4-hydroxytryptamine;
• the psilocin comprises cationic psilocin, which lacks a phosphonate ester and comprises a fifth cationic azanium;
• the cationic psilocin has the chemical formula [2-(4-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-dimethylazanium;
• the 4-hydroxytryptamine comprises cationic 4-hydroxytryptamine, which lacks a phosphonate ester and comprises a sixth cationic azanium;
• the cationic 4-hydroxytryptamine has the chemical formula 2-(4-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethylazanium;
• the zwitterionic psilocybin and the anionic psilocybin each have a rate of spontaneous dephosphorylation per mole in the composition, which converts the psilocybin into additional psilocin;
• the rate of spontaneous dephosphorylation for the zwitterionic psilocybin per mole of the zwitterionic psilocybin is less than the rate of spontaneous dephosphorylation for the anionic psilocybin per mole of the anionic psilocybin in the composition;
• the composition comprises the zwitterionic psilocybin and the anionic psilocybin at a mole ratio of at least 1:1 (zwitterionic psilocybin:anionic psilocybin);
• the mole ratio of at least 1:1 for the zwitterionic psilocybin and the anionic psilocybin in the composition results in a lower rate of spontaneous dephosphorylation for the psilocybin of the composition per mole of the psilocybin relative to a lower mole ratio of less than 1:1;
• the zwitterionic norbaeocystin and the anionic norbaeocystin each have a rate of spontaneous dephosphorylation per mole in the composition, which converts the norbaeocystin into additional 4-hydroxytryptamine;
• the rate of spontaneous dephosphorylation for the zwitterionic norbaeocystin per mole of the zwitterionic norbaeocystin is less than the rate of spontaneous dephosphorylation for the anionic norbaeocystin per mole of the anionic norbaeocystin in the composition;
• the composition comprises the zwitterionic norbaeocystin and the anionic norbaeocystin at a mole ratio of at least 1:1 (zwitterionic norbaeocystin:anionic norbaeocystin);
• the mole ratio of at least 1:1 for the zwitterionic norbaeocystin and the anionic norbaeocystin in the composition results in a lower rate of spontaneous dephosphorylation for the norbaeocystin of the composition per mole of the norbaeocystin relative to a lower mole ratio of less than 1:1;
• the psilocybin and the psilocin each have a different rate of spontaneous oxidation per mole in the composition;
• the rate of spontaneous oxidation for the psilocybin per mole of the psilocybin is less than the rate of spontaneous oxidation for the psilocin per mole of the psilocin in the composition;
• the composition comprises the psilocybin and the psilocin at a mole ratio of at least 3:2 (psilocybin:psilocin);
• the mole ratio of at least 3:2 for the psilocybin and the psilocin in the composition results in a lower rate of spontaneous oxidation for the tryptamines per mole of the tryptamines of the composition relative to a lower mole ratio of less than 3:2;
• the norbaeocystin and the 4-hydroxytryptamine each have a different rate of spontaneous oxidation per mole in the composition;
• the rate of spontaneous oxidation for the norbaeocystin per mole of the norbaeocystin is less than the rate of spontaneous oxidation for the 4-hydroxytryptamine per mole of the 4-hydroxytryptamine in the composition;
• the composition comprises the norbaeocystin and the 4-hydroxytryptamine at a mole ratio of at least 3:2 (norbaeocystin:4-hydroxytryptamine);
• the mole ratio of at least 3:2 for the norbaeocystin and the 4-hydroxytryptamine in the composition correlates with a lower rate of spontaneous oxidation for the tryptamines per mole of the tryptamines of the composition relative to a lower mole ratio of less than 3:2;
• the polypeptide encodes a laccase enzyme, wherein the laccase enzyme is encoded by an amino acid sequence having at least 90 percent sequence identity with the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
• 3;
• the laccase enzyme, which is capable of oxidizing the psilocin into one or more oxidized diol dimers of psilocin, is denatured in the composition such that the polypeptide lacks laccase enzyme activity;
• the composition comprises the psilocin and the one or more oxidized diol dimers of psilocin at a mole ratio of at least 10:1 (psilocin:oxidized diol dimers);
• the mole ratio of at least 10:1 for the psilocybin and the oxidized diol dimers of psilocin in the composition is indicative of effective denaturation of the polypeptide to inhibit laccase enzyme activity relative to a lower mole ratio of less than 10:1;
• each of the one or more oxidized diol dimers of psilocin is a dication that comprises two monocationic azaniumyl groups such that each of the one or more oxidized diol dimers of psilocin has an approximate molecular weight of 409 atomic mass units;
• the one or more oxidized diol dimers of psilocin comprise 3-[2-(dimethylazaniumyl)ethyl]-2-{3-[2-(dimethylazaniumyl)ethyl]-4-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-yl}-1H-indol-4-ol;
• either (i) the laccase enzyme is capable of oxidizing the one or more oxidized diol dimers of psilocin into one or more oxidized ylidene dimers of psilocin, (ii) the one or more oxidized diol dimers of psilocin can undergo spontaneous oxidation into one or more oxidized ylidene dimers of psilocin, or (iii) both (i) and (ii);
• the composition comprises the psilocin and the oxidized ylidene dimers of psilocin at a mole ratio of at least 10:1 (psilocin:oxidized ylidene dimers);
• the mole ratio of at least 10:1 for the psilocin and the oxidized ylidene dimers of psilocin in the composition is indicative of effective denaturation of the polypeptide to inhibit laccase enzyme activity relative to a lower mole ratio of less than 10:1;
• each of the one or more oxidized ylidene dimers of psilocin is a dication that comprises two monocationic azaniumyl groups such that each of the one or more oxidized ylidene dimers of psilocin has an approximate molecular weight of 407 atomic mass units;
• the oxidized ylidene dimers of psilocin comprise 3-[2-(dimethylazaniumyl)ethyl]-2-{3-[2-(dimethylazaniumyl)ethyl]-4-hydroxyindol-2-ylidene}indol-4-ol or a tautomer thereof;
• the laccase enzyme is capable of oxidizing the 4-hydroxytryptamine into one or more oxidized diol dimers of 4-hydroxytryptamine and psilocin;
• the composition comprises the 4-hydroxytryptamine and the one or more oxidized diol dimers of 4-hydroxytryptamine and psilocin at a mole ratio of at least 10:1 (4-hydroxytryptamine:oxidized diol dimers of 4-hydroxytryptamine and psilocin);
• the mole ratio of at least 10:1 for the 4-hydroxytryptamine and the oxidized diol dimers of 4-hydroxytryptamine and psilocin in the composition is indicative of effective denaturation of the polypeptide to inhibit laccase enzyme activity relative to a lower mole ratio of less than 10:1;
• each of the one or more oxidized diol dimers of 4-hydroxytryptamine and psilocin is a dication that comprises two monocationic azaniumyl groups such that each of the one or more oxidized diol dimers of 4-hydroxytryptamine and psilocin has an approximate molecular weight of 380 atomic mass units;
• the one or more oxidized diol dimers of 4-hydroxytryptamine and psilocin comprise 3-(2-azaniumylethyl)-2-{3-[2-(dimethylazaniumyl)ethyl]-4-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-yl}-1H-indol-4-ol;
• either (iv) the laccase enzyme is capable of oxidizing the one or more oxidized diol dimers of 4-hydroxytryptamine and psilocin into one or more oxidized ylidene dimers of 4-hydroxytryptamine and psilocin, (v) the one or more oxidized diol dimers of 4-hydroxytryptamine and psilocin can undergo spontaneous oxidation into one or more oxidized ylidene dimers of 4-hydroxytryptamine and psilocin, or (vi) both (iv) and (v);
• the composition comprises the 4-hydroxytryptamine and the oxidized ylidene dimers of 4-hydroxytryptamine and psilocin at a mole ratio of at least 10:1 (4-hydroxytryptamine:oxidized ylidene dimers of 4-hydroxytryptamine and psilocin);
• the mole ratio of at least 10:1 for the 4-hydroxytryptamine and the oxidized ylidene dimers of 4-hydroxytryptamine and psilocin in the composition is indicative of effective denaturation of the polypeptide to inhibit laccase enzyme activity relative to a lower mole ratio of less than 10:1;
• each of the one or more oxidized ylidene dimers of 4-hydroxytryptamine and psilocin is a dication that comprises two monocationic azaniumyl groups such that each of the one or more oxidized ylidene dimers of 4-hydroxytryptamine and psilocin has an approximate molecular weight of 378 atomic mass units;
• the oxidized ylidene dimers of 4-hydroxytryptamine and psilocin comprise 3-(2-azaniumylethyl)-2-{3-[2-(dimethylazaniumyl)ethyl]-4-hydroxyindol-2-ylidene}indol-4-ol or a tautomer thereof;
• the composition is a product that is produced by a process that comprises:
• (i) providing a starting composition that comprises the psilocybin, the norbaeocystin, the psilocin, the 4-hydroxytryptamine, and the laccase enzyme, wherein the psilocybin of the starting composition comprises an initial amount of the zwitterionic psilocybin and an initial amount of the anionic psilocybin, and the norbaeocystin of the starting composition comprises an initial amount of the zwitterionic norbaeocystin and an initial amount of the anionic norbaeocystin;
• (ii) denaturing the laccase enzyme to produce the denatured polypeptide;
• (iii) converting some of the anionic psilocybin of the starting composition into the zwitterionic psilocybin such that the composition comprises (I) a final amount of the zwitterionic psilocybin that is greater than the initial amount of the zwitterionic psilocybin and (II) a final amount of the anionic psilocybin that is less than the initial amount of the anionic psilocybin;
• and
• (iv) converting some of the anionic norbaeocystin of the starting composition into the zwitterionic norbaeocystin such that the composition comprises (III) a final amount of the zwitterionic norbaeocystin that is greater than the initial amount of the zwitterionic norbaeocystin and (IV) a final amount of the anionic norbaeocystin that is less than the initial amount of the anionic norbaeocystin;
• and optionally
• the process comprises concurrently performing denaturing the laccase enzyme to produce the denatured polypeptide;
• converting some of the anionic psilocybin of the starting composition into the zwitterionic psilocybin;
• and converting some of the anionic norbaeocystin of the starting composition into the zwitterionic norbaeocystin.

A composition, comprising tryptamines and a polypeptide, wherein:

• the tryptamines comprise phosphoryloxytryptamines and hydroxytryptamines;
• the phosphoryloxytryptamines comprise psilocybin;
• the psilocybin comprises both of (a) zwitterionic psilocybin, which comprises a monoanionic phosphonate ester and a cationic azanium, and (b) anionic psilocybin, which comprises a dianionic phosphonate ester and a second cationic azanium;
• the zwitterionic psilocybin has the chemical formula [2-(4-phosphonooxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-dimethylazanium, in which the phosphonooxy is the monoanionic phosphonate ester;
• the anionic psilocybin has the chemical formula [2-(4-phosphonatooxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-dimethylazanium, in which the phosphonatooxy is the dianionic phosphonate ester;
• the hydroxytryptamines comprise psilocin;
• the psilocin comprises cationic psilocin, which lacks a phosphonate ester and comprises a third cationic azanium;
• the cationic psilocin has the chemical formula [2-(4-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-dimethylazanium;
• the zwitterionic psilocybin and the anionic psilocybin each have a rate of spontaneous dephosphorylation per mole in the composition, which converts the psilocybin into additional psilocin;
• the composition comprises the zwitterionic psilocybin and the anionic psilocybin at a mole ratio of at least 1:1 (zwitterionic psilocybin:anionic psilocybin);
• the polypeptide encodes a laccase enzyme, wherein the laccase enzyme is encoded by an amino acid sequence having at least 90 percent sequence identity with the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
• 1, SEQ ID NO:
• 2, or SEQ ID NO:
• 3;
• the laccase enzyme is denatured in the composition such that the polypeptide lacks laccase enzyme activity;
• the psilocybin and the psilocin each have a different rate of spontaneous oxidation per mole in the composition;
• the composition comprises the psilocybin and the psilocin at a mole ratio of at least 3:2 (psilocybin:psilocin);
• and
• the composition is a product that is produced by a process that comprises
• (i) providing a starting composition that comprises the psilocybin, the psilocin, and the laccase enzyme, wherein the psilocybin of the starting composition comprises an initial amount of the zwitterionic psilocybin and an initial amount of the anionic psilocybin;
• (ii) (a) heating the starting composition to denature the laccase enzyme and thereby produce an intermediate composition that comprises the psilocybin, the psilocin, and the denatured polypeptide, or
• (ii) (b) combining the starting composition with a chaotrope selected from guanidinium, urea, and ammonium sulfate to denature the laccase enzyme and thereby produce an intermediate composition, and
• (iii) combining the intermediate composition with a Bronsted acid to convert some of the anionic psilocybin of the starting composition into the zwitterionic psilocybin such that the composition comprises (I) a final amount of the zwitterionic psilocybin that is greater than the initial amount of the zwitterionic psilocybin and (II) a final amount of the anionic psilocybin that is less than the initial amount of the anionic psilocybin.