Vertical cavity surface-emitting laser

A vertical cavity surface-emitting laser configured to emit laser light having a wavelength of 830 nm to 910 nm, the vertical cavity surface-emitting laser comprising:

• a substrate having a main surface including GaAs;
• a first distributed Bragg reflector;
• an active layer;
• and
• a second distributed Bragg reflector,
• wherein the substrate, the first distributed Bragg reflector, the active layer, and the second distributed Bragg reflector are arranged in a first axis direction intersecting the main surface,
• the main surface has an off angle of 6° or more with respect to a (100) plane crystallographic plane of the GaAs substrate,
• the active layer includes InxAlyGa1-x-yAs (0<x<1, 0≤y<1),
• the active layer has a strain, and
• an absolute value of the strain is 0.5% to 1.4%.