Converter-free PV-powered water desalination system for remote communities

A water heating system, comprising:

• a photovoltaic (PV) panel configured to generate a direct current from sunlight;
• a light sensor configured to measure a real-time radiation intensity of the sunlight;
• a water chamber configured to receive water;
• a reconfigurable heating circuit comprising four resistive heaters and nine switches and configured to heat the water in the water chamber;
• and
• a controller configured to receive the real-time radiation intensity of the sunlight from the light sensor and adjust the nine switches in real time so as to match a total resistance of the reconfigurable heating circuit with RMppt in real time at least before the water boils,
• wherein RMppt is a characteristic resistance of the PV panel at a Maximum Power Point (MPPT) at the real-time radiation intensity of the sunlight,
• the controller is configured to adjust the total resistance of the reconfigurable heating circuit by individually turning on or off each of the nine switches to change the four resistive heaters from one connection state to another connection state,
• connection states of the four resistive heaters include connection in series connection in parallel, and selective disconnection, and
• the water chamber has a conical top on which are disposed a plurality of Fresnel lenses that are disposed around a circumference of the conical top as a belt at a height of the conical top.