Glucose sensor apparatus addressing interference of ascorbic acid and acetaminophen

An apparatus, comprising:

• a substrate;
• a first electrode comprising a first electrically conductive layer formed over a first electrode location of the substrate and a glucose-oxidation layer formed over the first electrically conductive layer, wherein the glucose-oxidation layer comprises numerous nanoparticles having a generally oval or spherical shape with a length ranging between about 2 nm and about 5 nm;
• a first terminal formed over a first terminal location of the substrate and electrically connected to the first electrode;
• a second electrode comprising a second electrically conductive layer formed over a second electrode location of the substrate;
• a second terminal formed over a second terminal location of the substrate and electrically connected to the second electrode;
• a reference electrode comprising a third electrically conductive layer formed over a reference electrode location of the substrate;
• and
• a third terminal formed over a third terminal location of the substrate and electrically connected to the reference electrode,
• wherein, when the first electrode contacts liquid containing glucose and at least one of ascorbic acid and acetaminophen and when applying a first bias voltage between the first and reference electrodes that is sufficient to oxidize glucose in the glucose-oxidation layer, the glucose-oxidation layer of the first electrode is configured to cause oxidation of glucose and at least one of ascorbic acid and acetaminophen therein and further configured to generate a first electric current representing oxidation of glucose and at least one of ascorbic acid and acetaminophen in the glucose-oxidation layer,
• wherein the second electrode is arranged in the apparatus such that, when the first electrode contacts the liquid, the second electrode also contacts the same liquid,
• wherein the second electrode does not comprise a glucose-specific enzyme or nanoporous layer for causing oxidation of glucose such that, when applying a second bias voltage between the second and reference electrodes, the second electrode is configured to cause oxidation of at least one of ascorbic acid and acetaminophen and to generate a second electric current representing oxidation of at least one of ascorbic acid and acetaminophen in the second electrode,
• wherein the apparatus is configured to provide the first electric current at the first terminal and the second electric current at the second terminal.