Paste and conductive film and their production methods

A conductive film comprising:

• particles of a layered material comprising one or plural layers, the one or plural layers comprising a layer body represented by:
• MmXn
• wherein
• M is at least one metal of Group 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7,
• X is a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or a combination thereof,
• n is not less than 1 and not more than 4, and
• m is more than n but not more than 5, and
• a modifier or terminal T exists on a surface of the layer body, wherein T is at least one selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, an oxygen atom, and a hydrogen atom,
• wherein a ratio of S(110) to S(002) is 2.0% or more when the conductive film is subjected to X-ray diffraction measurement, where S(002) and S(110) represent peak-intensity areas of (002) and (110) of the layered material, respectively, and wherein the conductive film further comprises ammonia.

A method for producing a paste, the method comprising:

• preparing a mixture of an ammonia aqueous solution and particles of a layered material comprising one or plural layers, the one or plural layers comprising a layer body represented by:
• MmXn
• wherein
• M is at least one metal of Group 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7,
• X is a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or a combination thereof,
• n is not less than 1 and not more than 4, and
• m is more than n but not more than 5, and
• a modifier or terminal T exists on a surface of the layer body, wherein T is at least one selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, a fluorine atom,
• a chlorine atom, an oxygen atom, and a hydrogen atom;
• and
• applying a shear force to the mixture to obtain a paste having a viscosity higher than that of the mixture.

A paste comprising:

• particles of a layered material in an ammonia aqueous solution, the particles of the layered material comprising one or plural layers, the one or plural layers comprising a layer body represented by:
• MmXn
• wherein
• M is at least one metal of Group 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7,
• X is a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or a combination thereof,
• n is not less than 1 and not more than 4, and
• m is more than n but not more than 5, and
• a modifier or terminal T exists on a surface of the layer body, wherein T is at least one selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, a fluorine atom,
• a chlorine atom, an oxygen atom, and a hydrogen atom, wherein the particles are arranged in a three-dimensional network via ammonium ions.