Electrophotographic member, heat fixing apparatus, and electrophotographic image forming apparatus

An electrophotographic member comprising:

• a substrate, and
• an elastic layer on an outer peripheral surface of the substrate;
• wherein
• the elastic layer comprises silicone rubber,
• a tensile modulus of the elastic layer in a direction perpendicular to a thickness direction thereof is 0.20 MPa or less,
• a compressive modulus of the elastic layer in the thickness direction is 0.19 to 0.57 MPa,
• a value (tensile modulus/compressive modulus) of a ratio of the tensile modulus of the elastic layer in the direction perpendicular to the thickness direction, relative to the compressive modulus of the elastic layer in the thickness direction, is 0.80 or lower, and
• with compressive moduli H0 to H100 as respective values of compressive modulus of a cuboid sample 50 mm long, 50 mm wide and 150 μm thick that is sampled from the elastic layer, in a direction corresponding to the thickness direction of the elastic layer, every 10 hours, up to 100 hours, in an atmosphere at a temperature of 240° C. and at an oxygen concentration of 1% or lower, a rate of decrease of each of the compressive moduli H10 to H100, relative to a compressive modulus H0 as a reference, is 5% or lower.