Faradic porosity cell

An electrochemical device for at least partially removing or reducing a target ionic species from an aqueous solution using faradaic immobilization, the electrochemical device comprising:

• at least one first electrode comprising an activated carbon film having a void fraction of about 30% to about 65% and a surface area of about 1200 square meters per gram to about 1400 square meters per gram;
• and
• at least one second electrode comprising a carbon-based material having a void fraction of about 70% to about 99.9% and a surface area of about 1200 square meters per gram to about 2300 square meters per gram.

An electrochemical device for at least partially removing or reducing a target ionic species from an aqueous solution using faradaic immobilization, the electrochemical device comprising:

• at least one first electrode comprising a carbon-based material having a void fraction of about or greater than 95% and a surface area of about 0.1 square meters per gram to about 5 square meters per gram;
• and
• at least one second electrode comprising a carbon-based material having a void fraction of about 65% to about 99.9% and a surface area of about 700 square meters per gram to about 2300 square meters per gram.