Tuning adhesion at contacting device interfaces: geometric tools for minimizing surface fouling

A method of actuating an anti-fouling surface of a vascular implant device to continually cycle between a smooth base topography and a deformed topography, and reverse to a smooth base top, comprising:

• forming a vascular implant composite, comprising:
• selecting a first layer composed of a first material having a surface topography and a first modulus;
• providing an initial smooth base surface topography to the first layer;
• selecting a second layer composed of a second material having a different second modulus,
• wherein a ratio of the first modulus to the second modulus is from about 3:1 to about 10,000,000:1;
• and
• connecting the second layer to the first layer;
• cycling the surface topography of the first layer, comprising:
• applying a mechanical strain to the vascular implant composite, comprising:
• repeatedly actuating one or more wrinkles or folds to form one or more reversible deformed surface topographies on the first layer,
• wherein the repeatedly actuating step is provided by continual variation of blood pressure between systol and diastole, and
• wherein the surface topography of the first layer continually transitions between a smooth surface topography and one or more reversible deformed surface topographies as a result of the continual variation of blood pressure between systol and diastole in a natural circulatory system of a body.