Lighting element alignment

A method for assembling at least one lighting element onto a substrate, comprising:

• pre-assembling at least one lighting element onto a temporary carrier;
• pre-assembling at least one reference element onto the temporary carrier, the at least one reference element having an equal or greater thickness as the at least one lighting element and providing a mechanical stop for aligning the pre-assembled temporary carrier in at least one direction chosen from a first direction, a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, and a third direction perpendicular to the second direction, the at least one reference element comprising at least one fiducial providing a mechanical stop for aligning the pre-assembled temporary carrier in the first direction and/or for enabling optical alignment of the pre-assembled temporary carrier;
• aligning the pre-assembled temporary carrier onto the substrate based, at least in part, on the at least one reference element of the temporary carrier;
• and
• mounting the at least one lighting element onto the substrate, wherein the at least one light element comprises a material not comprised in the at least one reference element.