Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

A process cartridge, comprising:

• an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a surface protective layer;
• and
• at least one unit selected from the group consisting of a charging unit, a developing unit and a cleaning unit;
• the process cartridge integrally supporting the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the at least one unit, and being removably mounted onto a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus;
• the surface protective layer being a polymerized film of a composition comprising (i) a compound having one of an acryloyloxy group or a methacryloyloxy group, (ii) a conductive particle and (iii) an organic salt;
• the conductive particle being a titanium oxide particle containing niobium;
• the organic salt being formed of at least one organic cation and at least one anion;
• the organic cation being selected from the group consisting of imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, piperidinium, a tetraalkylammonium and a tetraalkylphosphonium;
• and
• the anion being selected from the group consisting of an organic anion and an inorganic anion, wherein
• a content of the organic salt is 0.1 to 10.0 mass % with respect to a total mass of the conductive particle, and
• a content of the niobium in the conductive particle is 2.6 to 10.0 mass % with respect to a total mass of the conductive particle.

An electrophotographic apparatus, comprising:

• an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a surface protective layer;
• a charging unit;
• an exposing unit;
• a developing unit;
• and
• a transferring unit;
• the surface protective layer being a polymerized film of a composition comprising (i) a compound having one of an acryloyloxy group or a methacryloyloxy group, (ii) a conductive particle and (iii) an organic salt;
• the conductive particle being a titanium oxide particle containing niobium;
• the organic salt being formed of at least one organic cation and at least one anion;
• the organic cation being selected from the group consisting of imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, piperidinium, a tetraalkylammonium and a tetraalkylphosphonium;
• and
• the anion being selected from the group consisting of an organic anion and an inorganic anion, wherein
• a content of the organic salt is 0.1 to 10.0 mass % with respect to a total mass of the conductive particle, and
• a content of the niobium in the conductive particle is 2.6 to 10.0 mass % with respect to a total mass of the conductive particle.