Three dimensional placement of organisms

A system comprising:

• a vacuum line;
• a vacuum system configured to create a vacuum in the vacuum line;
• a placement head comprising at least one printing nozzle fluidly connected to the vacuum line and configured to apply the vacuum to at least one target biological organism to pick up and detachably hold the at least one target biological organism at one or more openings of the at least one printing nozzle, wherein the at least one printing nozzle defines the one or more openings that are each smaller than a cross-sectional area of each target biological organism of the at least one target biological organism, and wherein each opening of the one or more openings have a diameter from 1 micron to 3,000 microns;
• at least one camera;
• a laser illumination source;
• a visual inspection processing system configured to:
• receive, from the at least one camera, a plurality of images of at least one surface at which the at least one target biological organism is disposed;
• identify, from at least one image of the plurality of images, the at least one target biological organism to be picked up by the at least one printing nozzle of the placement head in a first location;
• and
• identify, from at least one image of the plurality of images, at least one second location for deposit of the at least one target biological organism, wherein the first location is different from the at least one second location;
• and
• a distance identification processing system configured to determine, using light from the laser illumination source, one or more distances to the at least one surface;
• a robotic motion system coupled to the placement head;
• and
• a controller comprising processing circuitry configured to:
• control application of the vacuum to the at least one printing nozzle to pick up the at least one target biological organism at the first location;
• control, based on at least one image of the plurality of images and the one or more distances, the robotic motion system to move the placement head from the first location to the at least one second location;
• and
• control the application of the vacuum and the placement head to deposit the at least one target biological organism at the at least one second location.