Apparatuses and methods for producing nanoparticles from material in working liquid

An apparatus for producing nanoparticles of a material in a working liquid, comprising:

• one or more inlets for introducing the working liquid, the material, or a combination thereof into the apparatus;
• a core for accelerating the working liquid and the material, wherein the core comprises:
• a first cylinder comprising:
• a radially outer surface and a radially inner surface;
• and
• a plurality of first through holes extending from the radially inner surface to the radially outer surface of the first cylinder;
• a second cylinder comprising:
• a radially outer surface and a radially inner surface;
• and
• a plurality of second through holes extending from the radially inner surface to the radially outer surface of the second cylinder;
• wherein the second cylinder radially surrounds the first cylinder;
• wherein each of the first through holes and the second through holes have a smaller cross-section at the radially inner surface than at the radially outer surface;
• and
• one or more drives for rotating the first cylinder, the second cylinder, or a combination thereof.