Anion exchange polymers and anion exchange membranes for direct ammonia fuel cells

An anion membrane comprising an anion exchange polymer comprising aryl ether linkage free polyarylenes comprising aromatic/polyaromatic rings in a polymer backbone and a tethered alkyl quaternary ammonium hydroxide side group

• a first layer of anion exchange polymer having a first backbone, a first molecular weight and a first functional group;
• a second layer of anion exchange polymer having a second backbone, a second molecular weight and a second functional group;
• and
• wherein at least one of the second backbone, second molecular weight and second functional group are different than the first backbone, first molecular weight and first functional group;
• further comprising microporous support scaffold;
• wherein the first layer of anion exchange polymer is configured at least partially in the microporous support scaffold, and wherein the second layer of anion exchange polymer is configured at least partially in the microporous support scaffold.