Light-emitting device, method of preparing the light-emitting device, and method of operating the light-emitting device

A method of manufacturing a light-emitting device, the method comprising:

• providing a carbon-containing film, wherein the carbon-containing film comprises at least one carbon atom;
• and
• contacting the carbon-containing film with a compound represented by Formula 1A and chemically bonding a light-emitting group represented by Formula 1 to the at least one carbon atom on a surface of the carbon-containing film:
• A4-(C≡C)-(A1)m1-(A2)m2 Formula 1A
• *—(C≡C)-(A1)m1-(A2)m2 Formula 1
• wherein, in Formulae 1A and 1,
• A4 is an organic moiety,
• * indicates a chemical bonding site to the at least one carbon atom on the surface of the carbon-containing film,
• A1 is a linking group,
• A2 is a group comprising a light-emitting moiety, and
• m1 and m2 are each independently an integer from 1 to 10,
• wherein, when m1 is 2 or greater, two or more A1 are identical to or different from each other, and when m2 is 2 or more, two or more A2 are identical to each other or different from each other.