Methods, systems, and apparatus for modulating or reducing photophobic responses

An apparatus for reducing the frequency and/or severity of photophobic responses by controlling light exposure to melanopsin ganglion cells in a retina, relative to a visible spectrum range of 400 nm to 700 nm, the apparatus comprising:

• an optical filter configured with:
• a light transmission fraction, averaged across wavelengths between 454 nm and 506 nm, less than an amount Tmelan, wherein Tmelan is a light across a first wavelength range in the absence of an optical filter;
• and
• a light transmission fraction, averaged across wavelengths within a visible spectrum less than 454 nm and greater than 506 nm, greater than an amount Tvis, wherein Tvis is the light across a second wavelength range in the absence of an optical filter,
• wherein a ratio including said light transmission fractions is defined as a figure of merit (FOM) of the optical filter, the figure of merit being determined by:
• FOM
• =
• 1
• -
• T
• melan
• 1
• -
• T
• vis
• wherein the figure of merit of said optical filter is at least 1.3;
• wherein the optical filter includes a dye;
• and
• wherein the optical filter has chromaticity coordinates where the x-coordinate is between 0.367 and 0.386 and the y-coordinate is between 0.359 and 0.376.

An apparatus for reducing the frequency and/or severity of photophobic responses by controlling light exposure to melanopsin ganglion cells in a retina, relative to a visible spectrum range of 400 nm to 700 nm, the apparatus comprising:

• an optical filter configured to transmit less than a first amount of light averaged across wavelengths between 454 nm and 506 nm, wherein said first amount of light is a dose of light experienced by the melanopsin ganglion cells of a subject (Dmelan), and to transmit more than a second amount of light averaged across wavelengths within a visible spectrum less than 454 nm and greater than 506 nm, said second amount of light is a dose of light experienced over the visual spectrum (Dvis),
• wherein a ratio including said first amount of light and said second amount of light is defined as a figure of merit (FOM), the figure of merit being determined by:
• FOM
• =
• 1
• -
• D
• melan
• D
• melan
• (
• T
• =
• 1
• )
• 1
• -
• D
• vis
• D
• vis
• (
• T
• =
• 1
• )
• where Dmelan(T=1) is said first amount of light in the absence of an optical filter, and Dvis(T=1) is said second amount of light in the absence of an optical filter, wherein the figure of merit of said optical filter is at least 1.3;
• wherein the optical filter includes a dye;
• and
• wherein the optical filter has chromaticity coordinates where the x-coordinate is between 0.367 and 0.386 and the y-coordinate is between 0.359 and 0.376.

An apparatus for reducing the frequency and/or severity of photophobic responses or for modulating circadian cycles by controlling exposure of cells in a retina, relative to a visible spectrum range of 400 nm to 700 nm, the apparatus comprising:

• an optical filter configured to deliver:
• a first dosage of light, averaged across wavelengths between 565 nm and 615 nm, said first dosage is Drec,590;
• a second dosage of light, averaged across wavelengths between 454 nm and 506 nm, wherein said second dosage is Dmelan;
• and
• a third dosage of light, across wavelengths within a visible spectrum between 506 nm and 565 nm, wherein said third dosage is Dgrn;
• wherein a ratio including said second dosage of light and said third dosage of light is defined as a figure of merit (FOM1), the figure of merit being determined by:
• FOM
• 1
• =
• 1
• -
• D
• melan
• D
• melan
• (
• T
• =
• 1
• )
• 1
• -
• D
• grn
• D
• grn
• (
• T
• =
• 1
• )
• where Dmelan(T=1) is said second dosage of light in the absence of an optical filter, and Dgrn(T=1) is said third dosage of light in the absence of an optical filter, wherein the figure of merit is at least 1.3,
• wherein a ratio including said first dosage of light and said third dosage of light is defined as a figure of merit (FOM2), the figure of merit being determined by:
• FOM
• 2
• =
• 1
• -
• D
• rec
• ,
• 590
• D
• rec
• ,
• 590
• (
• T
• =
• 1
• )
• 1
• -
• D
• grn
• D
• grn
• (
• T
• =
• 1
• )
• where Drec,590(T=1) is said first dosage of light in the absence of an optical filter, and Dgrn(T=1) is said third dosage of light in the absence of an optical filter, wherein the figure of merit is at least 1.3, and
• wherein the filter has chromaticity coordinates where the x-coordinate is between 0.367 and 0.386 and the y-coordinate is between 0.359 and 0.376.