Electrodes for resistance welding and method of use thereof

A hybrid electrode for resistance spot welding, the hybrid electrode comprising:

• a pin comprising an electrically conductive material, the pin comprising a pin contact surface and a base;
• and
• a collar member comprising a material that is at least one of less electrically conductive than the electrically conductive material of the pin and less thermally conductive than the electrically conductive material of the pin, wherein the collar member comprises a first collar end, a second collar end, a collar member contact surface and defines an inner cavity and a longitudinal axis, wherein the inner cavity extends from the first collar end to the second collar end;
• wherein the pin extends through the inner cavity and the pin contact surface extends away from the collar member and is offset a distance along the longitudinal axis from the collar member contact surface, and wherein the collar member is intermediate the base and the pin contact surface;
• and
• wherein the collar member is configured to directly contact a surface of an assembly contacted by the pin to limit a penetration depth of the hybrid electrode into the assembly during a resistance spot welding operation;
• wherein the pin contact surface is configured to directly contact the assembly during a resistance spot welding operation;
• wherein the material of the collar member comprises at least one of copper, a copper alloy, iron, an iron alloy, titanium, and a titanium alloy.