Photoelectrochemical process intensification for sustainable photovoltaics manufacturing

A method, comprising:

• depositing an electron transport layer using a metalorganic solution precursor comprising alkali/sulfur/selenium;
• synthesizing a hole-selective contact/absorber/electron-selective contact structure using rapid optical processing;
• and
• after synthesizing the hole-selective contact/absorber/electron-selective contact structure, alkali ion exchanging the hole-selective contact/absorber/electron-selective contact structure.

A method, comprising:

• depositing a substrate hole-selective contact multilayer metal comprising an aluminum layer overlaying an electrode metal;
• nanoprinting an etch barrier to define a pattern of at least one area for selective aluminum removal;
• selectively etching the aluminum layer to define a plurality of contact vias;
• and then removing an etch barrier;
• selectively anodizing the aluminum layer to form an alumina passivation/antireflection layer comprising the plurality of contact vias;
• depositing a hole transport layer/passivation plating/solution precursor into the plurality of contact vias;
• and then photochemical/thermal decomposition to form a plurality of nanorods;
• depositing a nucleation templating solution precursor onto the plurality of nanorods and a dielectric;
• and then photochemical/thermal decompositing the nucleation templating solution precursor;
• reactive codepositing an indium-gallium-selenide semiconductor alloy comprising reacting with nucleation layer/nanorods;
• depositing a copper/selenium metalorganic solution precursor;
• synthesizing a chalcopyrite silver/copper indium selenide (ACIGS) absorber layer using rapid optical processing;
• depositing an electron transport layer using a metalorganic solution precursor comprising alkali/sulfur/selenium;
• synthesizing a hole-selective contact/absorber/electron-selective contact structure using rapid optical processing;
• alkali ion exchanging the hole-selective contact/absorber/electron-selective contact structure;
• and
• depositing a transparent conducting electrode on the alkali ion exchanged hole-selective contact/absorber/electron-selective contact structure.