Operando chemical and/or electrochemical testing cell

An operando system fabricated to comprise:

• a housing assembly having mounted thereon:
• (a) a test cell, wherein the test cell comprises,
• an inner chamber mounted on the housing assembly;
• a window coupled to said housing assembly, wherein the window allows viewing into or is trained on at least a portion of the inner chamber;
• and
• a sample holder or a plurality of multiple modular sample holders operatively connected to an electrode or a modular insertable electrode,
• at least one port for accommodating the electrode or modular insertable electrode and/or a wire conductor in communication with the inner chamber;
• wherein the inner chamber is configured for receiving one or more samples undergoing a chemical and/or electrochemical reaction therein;
• and
• wherein the port is sealable to hermetically seal the inner chamber;
• (b) at least one analysis instrument operatively coupled to one or more of the electrodes or modular insertable electrode;
• and
• (c) one or more of a camera or a microscope trained on the window and the sample holder or the plurality of multiple modular sample holders to view at least one chemical or electrochemical reaction on the sample holder or the plurality of multiple modular sample holders inside the inner chamber.