Enzymatic circuits for molecular sensors

A method to obtain a sequence information of a target substrate, the method comprising:

• forming at least one of a voltage or a current circuit, the circuit further comprising:
• a first electrode;
• a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode;
• a first arm molecule having a first end and a second end, the second end of the first arm molecule electrically coupled to the first electrode;
• a second arm molecule having a first end and a second end, the second end of the second arm molecule electrically coupled to the second electrode;
• and
• a polymerase enzyme,
• wherein the first end of each of the first and second arm molecules are conjugated to two distinct sites on the polymerase enzyme so that a portion of the polymerase enzyme between the two distinct sites is included in the circuit;
• exposing the circuit to a solution having an ionic strength from dissolved ions and the target substrate;
• measuring electrical signals through the circuit as the polymerase enzyme engages the target substrate;
• and
• processing the electrical signals to identify the sequence information of the target substrate when engaged by the polymerase enzyme;
• wherein the target substrate comprises DNA or RNA.