# US 12,222,141 B2 · Heat transfer system and method for operating a heat transfer system > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 12,222,141 B2 - Document ID: US12222141B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 17/687,684 - Filed: 2022-03-07 - Published: 2022-10-06 - Granted: 2025-02-11 - Earliest claimed: 2021-03-31 - Assignees: Mitsubishi Electric Corporation - Applicants: Mitsubishi Electric Corporation - Inventors: Duan Wu; Georgeanna Kawaley; James Freeman - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US12222141B2 ## CPC - F25B 29/003: {of the compression type system} - F24F 5/001: {Compression cycle type} - F24F 5/0021: {using phase change material [PCM] for storage} - F24F 11/30: for purposes related to the operation of the system, e.g. for safety or monitoring - F24F 11/64: using pre-stored data - F24F 11/83: by controlling the supply of heat-exchange fluids to heat-exchangers - F25B 9/06: using expanders (F25B9/10 takes precedence) - F25B 25/005: {using primary and secondary systems} - F25D 11/006: {with cold storage accumulators} - F28D 20/028: {Control arrangements therefor} - F24F 2110/10: Temperature - F24F 2140/00: Control inputs relating to system states - F24F 2140/20: Heat-exchange fluid temperature - F25B 2400/14: Power generation using energy from the expansion of the refrigerant - Y02E 60/14: Thermal energy storage - F25B: REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS - F24F: AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING (removing dirt or fumes from areas where they are produced B08B15/00; vertical ducts for carrying away waste gases from buildings E04F17/02; tops for chimneys or ventilating shafts, terminals for flues F23L17/02) - F25D: REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR (refrigerated showcases A47F3/04; thermally-insulated vessels for domestic use A47J41/00; refrigerated vehicles, see the appropriate subclasses of classes B60 - B64; containers with thermal insulation in general B65D81/38; heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants, or materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion C09K5/00; thermally-insulated vessels for liquefied or solidified gases F17C; air-conditioning or air-humidification F24F; refrigeration machines, plants, or systems F25B; cooling of instruments or comparable apparatus without refrigeration G12B) - F28D: HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT (fluid heaters having heat generating means and heat transferring means F24H; furnaces F27; details of heat-exchange apparatus of general) - Y02E: REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION ## Abstract In a heat transfer system and a method for operating a heat transfer system, a heat transfer fluid having a phase change material (PCM) circulates in a cooling circuit. A combined state of phase value of the heat transfer fluid is determined based on information obtained from a sensor system including a temperature sensor and an electrical resistance sensor realized as two separate sensors or as one combined temperature-and-electrical-resistance sensor. The system and method can securely and effectively prevent a possible blocking of the channels of an indoor heat exchanger of the system by solidified PCM and an unwanted deposition of solid PCM (crystals) on heat transfer surfaces of the indoor heat exchanger. ## Claims ### Claim 1 Heat transfer system, comprising a) a refrigeration circuit comprising a first heat transfer fluid, a compressor, a condenser, and an outdoor heat exchanger; b) a cooling circuit comprising a second heat transfer fluid, which comprises or consists of a phase change material, a pump for circulating the second heat transfer fluid around the cooling circuit, a heat exchanger for transferring heat from the second heat transfer fluid to the first heat transfer fluid, and at least one indoor heat exchanger for transferring heat from a space to be cooled to the second heat transfer fluid; c) in the cooling circuit, a sensor system comprising or consisting of a temperature sensor and an electrical resistance sensor, wherein the temperature sensor and the electrical resistance sensor are realized as two separate sensors or as one combined temperature-and-electrical-resistance sensor; d) a controller configured to obtain temperature information and electrical resistance information from the sensor system; wherein the controller is configured to determine a combined state of phase value (SOPflow) based on the obtained temperature information and obtained electrical resistance information, control an operation of the heat transfer system based on i) the determined combined state of phase value (SOPflow) by controlling a speed of the compressor or controlling the speed of the compressor in dependence of a highest cooling load of an at least one indoor heat exchanger in the system; or ii) a determined state of phase difference (ΔSOP) across the at least one indoor heat exchanger by controlling a rotation speed of a fan of the at least one indoor heat exchanger, or by controlling a flow rate of the heat transfer fluid through the at least one indoor heat exchanger, or by controlling the flow rate of the heat transfer fluid by controlling a pump rate of the pump, or by controlling an opening degree of a valve in fluid connection to said at least one indoor heat exchanger. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) System according to claim 1, wherein, to determine the combined state of phase value (SOPflow), the controller is configured to i) obtain a temperature (Tme) of the heat transfer fluid from the sensor system; ii) obtain an electrical resistance (Rme) of the heat transfer fluid from the sensor system; iii) determine a temperature component (SOPT) of a state of phase (SOP) of the heat transfer fluid from the temperature (Tme); iv) determine an electrical resistance component (SOPE) of the state of phase (SOP) of the heat transfer fluid from the electrical resistance (Rme); v) determine a weighted temperature component by calculating a product of the temperature component (SOPT) and a temperature coefficient (β); vi) determine a weighted electrical resistance component by calculating a product of the electrical resistance component (SOPE) and a difference between 1 and the temperature coefficient (β); vii) determine the combined state of phase value (SOPflow) by calculating the sum of the weighted temperature component and the weighted electrical resistance component. ### Claim 3 (depends on 2) System according to claim 2, wherein the controller is configured to determine the temperature component (SOPT) of the state of phase (SOP) of the heat transfer fluid as follows: If Tme>(Teq+u(+)), SOPT=0; If Tme<(Teq−u(−)), SOPT=1; If Tme≥((Teq−u(−)) and ≤(Teq+u(+)), SOPT is in the range of >0 and <1, or in a range of 0.1 to 0.9, or in a range of 0.2 to 0.8, or in a range of 0.3 to 0.7, or in a range of 0.4 to 0.6, or equal to 0.5; wherein Tme is the value of the measured temperature, Teq is a phase change temperature of the phase change material, u(+) is a temperature deviation from an equilibrium temperature at an upper limit of phase change regime during a phase change process, u(−) is the temperature deviation from an equilibrium temperature at a lower limit of phase change regime during another phase change process. ### Claim 4 (depends on 2) System according to claim 2, wherein the controller is configured to determine the electrical resistance component (SOPE) of the state of phase (SOP) of the heat transfer fluid are determined as follows: SOPE=SOP0+α·(Rme−R0) wherein SOP0 is a reference state of phase value, wherein, when the heat transfer fluid is a liquid without solid crystals present, SOP0 is 0, α is a coefficient for converting a measured change in electrical resistance, relative to the reference resistance value R0, to a state of phase, Rme is the value of the measured electrical resistance, R0 is a reference resistance value. ### Claim 5 (depends on 2) System according to claim 2, wherein the controller is configured to determine a combined state of phase value (SOPflow, SOPreturn) as follows: SOPflow,SOPreturn=β·SOPT+(1−β)·SOPE wherein β is a coefficient representing a weighting value for a specific phase change material which provides the most accurate prediction of an enthalpy-based state of phase measurement, wherein β is determined as follows: If Tme>(Teq+u(+)), β=1, If Tme<(Teq−u(−)), β=1, If Tme≥((Teq−u(−)) and ≤ (Teq+u(+)), β is in a range of >0 and <1, or in a range of 0.01 to 0.8, or in a range of 0.05 to 0.6, or in a range of 0.10 to 0.4, or in a range of 0.15 to 0.3, or equal to 0.2, wherein Tme is the value of the measured temperature, Teq is a phase change temperature of the phase change material, u(+) is a temperature deviation from an equilibrium temperature at an upper limit of phase change regime during a phase change process, u(−) is the temperature deviation from an equilibrium temperature at a lower limit of phase change regime during another phase change process. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) System according to claim 1, wherein the sensor system is located upstream of the at least one indoor heat exchanger, wherein the system comprises a second sensor system located downstream of the at least one indoor heat exchanger, wherein the second sensor system comprises or consists of a temperature sensor and an electrical resistance sensor realized as two separate sensors or as one combined temperature-and-electrical-resistance sensor, wherein the controller is configured to i) obtain temperature information from the sensor system and second sensor system and obtaining electrical resistance information from the sensor system and second sensor system; ii) determine a state of phase difference (ΔSOP) of the heat transfer fluid across the at least one indoor heat exchanger based on the obtained temperature information and obtained electrical resistance information, and iii) control the operation of the heat transfer system based on the determined state of phase difference (ΔSOP), wherein, to determine a state of phase difference (ΔSOP) of the heat transfer fluid across the at least one indoor heat exchanger, the controller is configured to i) obtain a first temperature (Tme) of the heat transfer fluid from the sensor system and obtain a second temperature (Tme) of the heat transfer fluid from the second sensor system; ii) obtain a first electrical resistance (Rme) of the heat transfer fluid from the sensor system and obtain a second electrical resistance (Rme) from the second sensor system; iii) determine a first temperature component (SOPT) of the state of phase (SOP) of the heat transfer fluid from the first temperature (Tme) and determine a second temperature component (SOPT) of the state of phase (SOP) of the heat transfer fluid from the second temperature (Tme); iv) determine a first electrical resistance component (SOPE) of the state of phase (SOP) of the heat transfer fluid from the first electrical resistance (Rme) and determine a second electrical resistance component (SOPE) of the state of phase (SOP) of the heat transfer fluid from the second electrical resistance (Rme); v) determine a first weighted temperature component by calculating a product of the first temperature component (SOPT) and a temperature coefficient (β) and determining a second weighted temperature component by calculating a product of the second temperature component (SOPT) and the temperature coefficient (β); vi) determine a first weighted electrical resistance component by calculating a product of the first electrical resistance component (SOPE) and a difference between 1 and the temperature coefficient (β), and determining a second weighted electrical resistance component by calculating a product of the second electrical resistance component (SOPE) and a difference between 1 and the temperature coefficient (β); vii) determine the combined state of phase value (SOPflow) by calculating the sum of the first weighted temperature component and the first weighted electrical resistance component and determining a second combined state of phase value (SOPreturn) by calculating the sum of the second weighted temperature component and the second weighted electrical resistance component; viii) determine the state of phase difference (ΔSOP) of the heat transfer fluid across the at least one indoor heat exchanger by calculating the difference between the second state of phase value (SOPreturn) and the first state of phase value (SOPflow). ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) System according to claim 1, wherein the cooling circuit comprises at least one further indoor heat exchanger, wherein a third sensor system is disposed downstream of said further indoor heat exchanger in the cooling circuit, wherein the third sensor system comprises or consists of a temperature sensor and an electrical resistance sensor realized as two separate sensors or as one combined temperature-and-electrical-resistance sensor, wherein the controller is configured to control the operation of the heat transfer system based on a further determined state of phase difference (ΔSOP) across the at least one further indoor heat exchanger by controlling a fan of the at least one further indoor heat exchanger to be switched on or off, or by controlling a flow rate of the heat transfer fluid through the at least one further indoor heat exchanger, or by controlling the flow rate of the heat transfer fluid by controlling a pump rate of the pump, or by controlling an opening degree of a valve in fluid connection to said at least one further indoor heat exchanger. ### Claim 8 A method for operating a heat transfer system in which a heat transfer fluid comprising or consisting of a phase change material circulates in a cooling circuit, the method comprising obtaining temperature information and electrical resistance information from a sensor system located in the cooling circuit of the heat transfer system in which the heat transfer fluid comprising or consisting of the phase change material circulates, wherein the sensor system comprises or consists of a temperature sensor and an electrical resistance sensor which are realized as two separate sensors or as one combined temperature-and-electrical-resistance sensor; wherein the method further comprises determining a combined state of phase value (SOPflow) based on the obtained temperature information and obtained electrical resistance information, and controlling the operation of the heat transfer system based on the determined state of phase value (SOPflow) wherein the operation of the heat transfer system is controlled based on i) the determined combined state of phase value (SOPflow) by controlling a speed of a compressor, or controlling the speed of the compressor in dependence of the highest cooling load of at least one indoor heat exchanger in the system; or ii) a determined state of phase difference (ΔSOP) across the at least one heat exchanger by controlling a fan of the at least one indoor heat exchanger to be switched on or off, or by controlling a flow rate of the heat transfer fluid through the at least one indoor heat exchanger, or by controlling the flow rate of the heat transfer fluid through the at least one indoor heat exchanger by controlling a pump rate of the pump, or by controlling an opening degree of a valve in fluid connection to said at least one indoor heat exchanger. ### Claim 9 (depends on 8) Method according to claim 8, wherein, for determining the combined state of phase value (SOPflow), the method comprises i) obtaining a temperature (Tme) of the heat transfer fluid from the sensor system; ii) obtaining an electrical resistance (Rme) of the heat transfer fluid from the sensor system; iii) determining a temperature component (SOPT) of a state of phase (SOP) of the heat transfer fluid from the temperature (Tme); iv) determining an electrical resistance component (SOPE) of the state of phase (SOP) of the heat transfer fluid from the electrical resistance (Rme); v) determining a weighted temperature component by calculating a product of the temperature component (SOPT) and a temperature coefficient (β); vi) determining a weighted electrical resistance component by calculating a product of the electrical resistance component (SOPE) an a difference between 1 and the temperature coefficient ( ) vii) determining the combined state of phase value (SOPflow) by calculating the sum of the weighted temperature component and the weighted electrical resistance component. ### Claim 10 (depends on 9) Method according to claim 9, wherein the temperature component (SOPT) of the state of phase (SOP) of the heat transfer fluid is determined as follows: If Tme>(Teq+u(+)), SOPT=0; If Tme<(Teq−u(−)), SOPT=1; If Tme≥((Teq−u(−)) and ≤(Teq+u(+)), SOPT is in a range of >0 and <1, or in a range of 0.1 to 0.9, or in a range of 0.2 to 0.8, or in a range of 0.3 to 0.7, or in a range of 0.4 to 0.6, or equal to 0.5; wherein Tme is the value of the measured temperature, Teq is a phase change temperature of the phase change material, u(+) is a temperature deviation from an equilibrium temperature at an upper limit of phase change regime during a phase change process, u(−) is the temperature deviation from an equilibrium temperature at a lower limit of phase change regime during another phase change process. ### Claim 11 (depends on 9) Method according to claim 9, wherein the electrical resistance component (SOPE) of the state of phase (SOP) of the heat transfer fluid are determined as follows: SOPE=SOP0+α·(Rme−R0) wherein SOP0 is a reference state of phase value, wherein, when the heat transfer fluid is a liquid without solid crystals present, SOP0 is 0, α is a coefficient for converting a measured change in electrical resistance, relative to the reference resistance value R0, to a state of phase Rme is the value of the measured electrical resistance, R0 is a reference resistance value. ### Claim 12 (depends on 9) Method according to claim 9, wherein a combined state of phase value (SOPflow, SOPreturn) are determined as follows: SOPflow,SOPreturn=β·SOPT+(1−β)·SOPE wherein β is a coefficient relating to a weighting value for a specific phase change material which provides the most accurate prediction of an enthalpy-based state of phase measurement, wherein β is determined as follows: If Tme>(Teq+u(+)), β=1, If Tme<(Teq−u(−)), β=1, If Tme≥((Teq−u(−)) and ≤ (Teq+u(+)), β is in a range of >0 and <1, or in a range of 0.01 to 0.8, or in a range of 0.05 to 0.6, or in a range of 0.10 to 0.4, or in a range of 0.15 to 0.3, or equal to 0.2, wherein Tme is the value of the measured temperature, Teq is a phase change temperature of the phase change material, u(+) is a temperature deviation from an equilibrium temperature at an upper limit of a phase change regime during a phase change process, u(−) is the temperature deviation from an equilibrium temperature at a lower limit of a phase change regime during another phase change process. ### Claim 13 (depends on 8) Method according to claim 8, wherein the sensor system is located upstream of the at least one indoor heat exchanger, wherein the system comprises a second sensor system located downstream of the at least one indoor heat exchanger, wherein the second sensor system comprises or consists of a temperature sensor and an electrical resistance sensor realized as two separate sensors or as one combined temperature-and-electrical-resistance sensor, wherein the method comprises i) obtaining temperature information from the sensor system and second sensor system and obtaining electrical resistance information from the sensor system and second sensor system; ii) determining a state of phase difference (ΔSOP) of the heat transfer fluid across the at least one indoor heat exchanger based on the obtained temperature information and obtained electrical resistance information, and iii) controlling the operation of the heat transfer system based on the determined state of phase difference (ΔSOP), wherein, for determining a state of phase difference (ΔSOP), the method comprises a) obtaining a first temperature (Tme) of the heat transfer fluid from the sensor system and obtaining a second temperature (Tme) of the heat transfer fluid from the second sensor system; b) obtaining a first electrical resistance (Rme) of the heat transfer fluid from the sensor system and obtaining a second electrical resistance (Rme) from the second sensor system; c) determining a first temperature component (SOPT) of a state of phase (SOP) of the heat transfer fluid from the first temperature (Tme) and determining a second temperature component (SOPT) of the state of phase (SOP) of the heat transfer fluid from the second temperature (Tme); d) determining a first electrical resistance component (SOPE) of the state of phase (SOP) of the heat transfer fluid from the first electrical resistance (Rme) and determining a second electrical resistance component (SOPE) of the state of phase (SOP) of the heat transfer fluid from the second electrical resistance (Rme); e) determining a first weighted temperature component by calculating a product of the first temperature component (SOPT) and a temperature coefficient (β) and determining a second weighted temperature component by calculating a product of the second temperature component (SOPT) and the temperature coefficient (β); f) determining a first weighted electrical resistance component by calculating a product of the first electrical resistance component (SOPE) and a difference between 1 and the temperature coefficient (β), and determining a second weighted electrical resistance component by calculating a product of the second electrical resistance component (SOPE) and a difference between 1 and the temperature coefficient (β); g) determining the combined state of phase value (SOPflow) by calculating the sum of the first weighted temperature component and the first weighted electrical resistance component and determining a second combined state of phase value (SOPreturn) by calculating the sum of the second weighted temperature component and the second weighted electrical resistance component; h) determining the state of phase difference (ΔSOP) of the heat transfer fluid across the at least one indoor heat exchanger by calculating the difference between the second state of phase value (SOPreturn) and the first state of phase value (SOPflow). ### Claim 14 (depends on 8) Method according to claim 8, wherein the cooling circuit comprises at least one further indoor heat exchanger, wherein a third sensor system is disposed downstream of said further indoor heat exchanger in the cooling circuit, wherein the third sensor system comprises or consists of a temperature sensor and an electrical resistance sensor realized as two separate sensors or as one combined temperature-and-electrical-resistance sensor, wherein the controller is configured to control the operation of the heat transfer system based on a further determined state of phase difference (ΔSOP) across the at least one further indoor heat exchanger by controlling a fan of the at least one further indoor heat exchanger to be switched on or off, or by controlling a flow rate of the heat transfer fluid through the at least one further indoor heat exchanger, or by controlling the flow rate of the heat transfer fluid through the at least one further indoor heat exchanger by controlling a pump rate of the pump, or by controlling an opening degree of a valve in fluid connection to said at least one further indoor heat exchanger.