# US 12,217,763 B2 · Transient detection with hangover indicator for encoding an audio signal

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- Number: US 12,217,763 B2
- Document ID: US12217763B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 18/381,142
- Filed: 2023-10-17
- Published: 2024-04-11
- Granted: 2025-02-04
- Earliest claimed: 2007-08-27
- Assignees: Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (publ)
- Applicants: Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (publ)
- Inventors: Anisse Taleb; Gustaf Ullberg
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US12217763B2

## CPC

- G10L 19/025: Detection of transients or attacks for time/frequency resolution switching
- G10L 19/0212: {using orthogonal transformation}
- G10L: SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING

## Abstract

A transient detector analyzes a given frame n of the input audio signal to determine, based on audio signal characteristics of the given frame n, a transient hangover indicator for a following frame n+1, and signals the determined transient hangover indicator to an associated audio encoder to enable proper encoding of the following frame n+1.

## Claims

### Claim 1

An audio encoder apparatus, comprising:
memory; and
processing circuitry coupled to the memory, wherein the audio encoder apparatus is configured to perform an audio signal encoding process comprising:
determining a short term energy value (E(m)) for a sub-frame m of a given frame n of the audio signal;
determining a long term energy value (ELT(m)) using a previously determined long term energy value (ELT(m−1)), a predetermined factor (α), and the short term energy value (E(m)), wherein ELT(m)=αE(m)+(1−α)ELT(m−1);
using the short term energy value and the long term energy value to determine whether a transient hangover condition exists for a frame n+1 of the audio signal, wherein frame n+1 of the audio signal follows frame n of the audio signal; and
signaling a transient hangover indicator for frame n+1 as a result determining that the transient hangover condition exists for frame n+1 of the audio signal.

### Claim 2

An audio encoder apparatus, comprising:
memory; and
processing circuitry coupled to the memory, wherein the audio encoder apparatus is configured to perform an audio signal encoding process comprising:
analyzing a given frame n of an audio signal comprising a plurality of frames including frame n and a frame n+1, wherein frame n of the audio signal comprises at least a first sub-frame and a second sub-frame, and frame n of the audio signal is immediately followed by frame n+1 of the audio signal, to determine whether a transient hangover condition is satisfied for frame n+1; and
triggering a transient for frame n+1 as a result of determining that the transient hangover condition for frame n+1 is satisfied, wherein
analyzing the given frame n of the audio signal to determine whether the transient hangover condition is satisfied for frame n+1 comprises:
i) determining a short term energy value for the first sub-frame of frame n(E(1)),
ii) determining a long term energy value for the first sub-frame of frame n(ELT(1)) using the short term energy value, a previously determined long term energy value ELT(0), and a predetermined factor (α), wherein ELT(1)=αE(1)+(1−α)ELT(0), and
iii) determining whether E(1)≥R×ELT(1), where R is a predetermined energy ratio threshold, and
the audio encoder apparatus is configured such that the audio encoder apparatus determines that a transient is present in frame n of the audio signal as a result of determining that E(1) is greater than R×ELT(1).

### Claim 3 (depends on 2)

The audio encoder apparatus of claim 2, wherein the analyzing further comprises determining whether audio signal characteristics representative of the transient in said given frame n is not suppressed after a windowing operation based on a window function.

### Claim 4 (depends on 3)

The audio encoder apparatus of claim 3, wherein said window function corresponds to a function used for transform coding of frame n of said audio signal in said audio encoder apparatus, but shifted one frame forward in time.

### Claim 5 (depends on 4)

The audio encoder apparatus of claim 4, wherein the audio encoder apparatus is further configured to encode the audio signal using a lapped transform.

### Claim 6 (depends on 3)

The audio encoder apparatus of claim 3, wherein the audio encoder apparatus is further configured to:
scale said given frame n by said window function to produce a first scaled frame;
determine a transient indicator for said given frame n based on the first scaled frame;
scale said given frame n by said window function shifted one frame forward in time to produce a second scaled frame; and
determine a transient hangover indicator for said following frame n+1 based on the second scaled frame.

### Claim 7 (depends on 2)

The audio encoder apparatus of claim 2, wherein determining that the transient hangover condition is satisfied further comprises determining a location of the transient in said given frame n.

### Claim 8 (depends on 7)

The audio encoder apparatus of claim 7, wherein determining that the transient hangover condition is satisfied further comprises determining that the transient in said given frame n is located at the center or end of frame n.

### Claim 9 (depends on 8)

The audio encoder apparatus of claim 8, wherein determining that the transient hangover condition is satisfied further comprises determining whether the transient that is present in frame n is located at the beginning of frame n.

### Claim 10 (depends on 2)

The audio encoder apparatus of claim 2, wherein the audio encoder apparatus is further configured to encode frame n+1 based on the triggering of the transient for frame n+1.

### Claim 11

An audio encoding method, the method comprising:
obtaining a given frame n of an audio signal comprising a plurality of frames including frame n and a frame n+1, wherein frame n of the audio signal is immediately followed by frame n+1 of the audio signal;
determining that a transient hangover condition is satisfied for frame n+1; and
triggering a transient for frame n+1 as a result of determining that the transient hangover condition for frame n+1 is satisfied, thereby enabling proper encoding of frame n+1, wherein
determining that the transient hangover condition is satisfied for frame n+1 comprises:
determining a short term energy value (E(m)) for a sub-frame m of frame n;
computing a long term energy value (ELT(m)) for the sub-frame m using a previously determined long term energy value ELT(m−1), a predetermined factor (α), and the short term energy value, wherein ELT(m)=αE(m)+(1−α)ELT(m−1); and
determining that E(m)≥R×ELT(m), where R is a predetermined energy ratio threshold.

### Claim 12 (depends on 11)

The method of claim 11, wherein determining that the transient hangover condition is satisfied further comprises determining a location of the transient in said given frame n.

### Claim 13 (depends on 11)

A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable medium storing software for configuring an audio encoder to perform the method of claim 11.

### Claim 14

A transient detector, the transient detector comprising:
memory; and
processing circuitry, wherein the transient detector is configured to perform a process comprising:
for a sub-frame m−1 of a frame n of an audio signal, obtaining a long term energy value (ELT(m−1)), wherein the frame n of the audio signal comprises an ordered set of M sub-frames, where m>1 and M>1;
for a sub-frame m of the frame n of the audio signal, determining a short term energy value (E(m));
for the sub-frame m of frame n of the audio signal, determining a long term energy value (ELT(m)), wherein ELT(m)=α×ELT(m−1)+(1−α)×E(m), where α is less than 1 and greater than or equal to 0;
based on E(m) and ELT(m), determining whether a transient hangover condition exists for a frame n+1 of the audio signal, wherein frame n+1 of the audio signal follows frame n of the audio signal; and
signaling a transient hangover indicator as a result determining that the transient hangover condition exists for frame n+1 of the audio signal.

### Claim 15 (depends on 14)

The transient detector of claim 14, wherein the transient detector is configured to determine, based on E(m) and ELT(m), whether the transient hangover condition exists for a frame n+1 of the audio signal by determining whether a ratio of E(m) and ELT(m) satisfies a condition.

### Claim 16

A method for detecting a transient, the method comprising:
obtaining a long term energy value (ELT(m−1)) for a given frame n of an audio signal, wherein the frame n of the audio signal comprises an ordered set of sub-frames, where m>1;
for a sub-frame m of the given frame n of the audio signal, determining a short term energy value (E(m));
for the sub-frame m, calculating a long term energy value (ELT(m)) by computing a weighted average of ELT(m−1) and E(m), such that ELT(m)=α×ELT(m−1)+(1−α)×E(m), where α is less than 1 and greater than or equal to 0;
based on E(m) and ELT(m), determine whether a transient hangover condition exists for a frame n+1 of the audio signal, wherein frame n+1 of the audio signal follows frame n of the audio signal; and
as a result determining that the transient hangover condition exists for frame n+1 of the audio signal, signal a transient hangover indicator to an audio encoder to enable proper encoding of frame n+1.

### Claim 17 (depends on 16)

The method of claim 16, wherein determining whether the transient hangover condition exists for a frame n+1 of the audio signal comprises determining whether a ratio of E(m) and ELT(m) satisfies a condition.