Body made of titanium or a titanium alloy having a topography for improved blood coagulation and/or cell attachment

A body having a topography for improved blood coagulation and/or cell attachment, the body being made of titanium or a titanium alloy, the body comprising:

• a microscopic topographical formation formed by etching at least a portion of a surface of the body with a first etching solution comprising a mineral acid, and
• a sub-microscopic topographical formation on the microscopic topographical formation, the sub-microscopic topographical formation comprising sub-microscopic structures that extend in at least two dimensions to 1,000 nm at most and that are formed on features of the microscopic topographical formation, the sub-microscopic topographical formation being formed by etching the surface including the microscopic topographical formation with a second etching solution after the etching with the first etching solution, said second etching solution being different than the first etching solution and comprising hydrofluoric acid,
• wherein:
• if hydrofluoric acid is contained in the first etching solution, a concentration of the hydrofluoric acid in the first etching solution is lower than a concentration of hydrofluoric acid in the second etching solution;
• and
• the microscopic topographical formation is defined by at least one surface parameter selected from the group consisting of:
• i) an arithmetic mean deviation of the surface in three dimensions (Sa) in a range of from 0.1 μm to 2.0 μm;
• ii) a maximum peak to valley height of a profile in three dimensions (St) in a range of from 1.0 μm to 20.0 μm;
• and
• iii) a skewness of the profile in three dimensions (Ssk) in a range of from −0.6 to 1.0.