Light-emitting device and apparatus including the same

A light-emitting device comprising:

• a first electrode;
• a second electrode facing the first electrode;
• an emission layer between the first electrode and the second electrode,
• an electron transport layer between the emission layer and the second electrode, and
• a metal-nucleation inducing layer between the electron transport layer and the second electrode,
• wherein,
• the electron transport layer comprises an inorganic material comprising a first material comprising
• a nitride of A1 and/or an oxynitride of A1, and
• A1 comprising magnesium (Mg), zirconium (Zr), tin (Sn), tungsten (W), tantalum (Ta), hafnium (Hf), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), barium (Ba), or any combination thereof,
• the electron transport layer substantially does not comprise carbon or a metal oxide,
• the metal-nucleation inducing layer comprises a metal-nucleation inducing material,
• the metal-nucleation inducing material comprises at least one metal-nucleation inducing group,
• the metal-nucleation inducing group is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R1 or a group represented by one of Formulae 1A to 1E, and does not comprise a group represented by *—C(═O)(OH) and a cyano group,
• the metal-nucleation inducing layer is in direct contact with the second electrode,
• the second electrode comprises a metal-containing film that is hybridized with the metal-nucleation inducing material:
• *O(Q1) <Formula 1A>
• *S(Q1) <Formula 1B>
• *—N(Q1)(Q2) <Formula 1C>
• *—P(Q1)(Q2) <Formula 1D>
• *—P(═O)(Q1)(Q2), <Formula 1E>
• R1, Q1, and Q2 are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroarylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,
• * indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom, and
• wherein the second electrode is a transparent electrode having a visible light transmittance of 50% or more.