Nuclear battery

A nuclear battery comprising:

• a radiation source layer, wherein the radiation source layer comprises a composition configurable to emit beta radiation;
• a first electrical insulator layer disposed over the radiation source layer;
• a casing layer disposed over the first electrical insulator layer, wherein the casing layer comprises a metal with an atomic number of 13 or less or a metal alloy with a primary metal having an atomic number of 13 or less to prevent production of Bremsstrahlung radiation;
• a first electrode in electrical communication with the radiation source layer, wherein the first electrical insulator layer entirely surrounds the radiation source layer except where the first electrode extends through the first electrical insulator, and wherein the casing layer entirely surrounds the first electrical insulator layer except where the first electrical insulator layer surrounds the first electrode and the first electrical insulator layer extends through the casing layer;
• and
• a second electrode in electrical communication with the casing layer, wherein the electrical communication between the first electrode and the radiation source and the electrical communication between the second electrode and the casing layer is configured to create a voltage potential between the first electrode and the second electrode directly from an emission of beta radiation from the radiation source layer, wherein the emission of beta radiation from the radiation source layer includes a traversal of electrons through the first electrical insulator layer to the casing layer.