# US 12,184,414 B2 · Methods and systems for data transmission

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- Number: US 12,184,414 B2
- Document ID: US12184414B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 18/421,304
- Filed: 2024-01-24
- Published: 2024-05-23
- Granted: 2024-12-31
- Earliest claimed: 2017-08-31
- Assignees: Marvell Asia Pte Ltd
- Applicants: Marvell Asia Pte Ltd
- Inventors: Benjamin Smith; Jamal Riani; Arash Farhoodfar; Sudeep Bhoja
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US12184414B2

## CPC

- H04L 1/0057: {Block codes (H04L1/0061, H04L1/0064 take precedence)}
- H03M 13/19: Single error correction without using particular properties of the cyclic codes, e.g. Hamming codes, extended or generalised Hamming codes
- H03M 13/251: {with block coding}
- H03M 13/2906: {using block codes (H03M13/2957 takes precedence)}
- H04L 1/0041: {Arrangements at the transmitter end}
- H04L 1/0059: {Convolutional codes}
- H04L 1/0064: {Concatenated codes}
- H04L 1/0071: {Use of interleaving (interleaving per se H03M13/27)}
- H04L 1/0058: {Block-coded modulation}
- H04L 1/0643: {block codes}
- H04L 27/2627: {Modulators}
- H04L: TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION (arrangements common to telegraphic and telephonic communication H04M)
- H03M: CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL (using fluidic means F15C4/00; optical analogue/digital converters G02F7/00; coding, decoding or code conversion, specially adapted for particular applications, see the relevant subclasses, e.g. G01D, G01R, G06F, G06T, G09G, G10L, G11B, G11C, H04B, H04L, H04M, H04N; ciphering or deciphering for cryptography or other purposes involving the need for secrecy G09C)

## Abstract

An optical transmitter includes a first encoder, a first interleaver, a second encoder, a mapper, a second interleaver, and a frame generator. The first encoder is configured to encode data using a staircase code to generate first codewords. The first interleaver is configured to interleave the first codewords using convolutional interleaving to spread a transmission order of the first codewords. The second encoder is configured to encode the interleaved first codewords using a second code to generate second codewords. The mapper is configured to map the second codewords to transmit symbols. The second interleaver is configured to interleave the transmit symbols to distribute the transmit symbols between pilot symbols. The frame generator is configured to generate a transmit frame including the interleaved transmit symbols and the pilot symbols.

## Claims

### Claim 1

An optical transmitter comprising:
a first encoder configured to encode data using a staircase code to generate first codewords, the encoding including an error decorrelation interleaving that randomizes correlated errors in the first codewords to reduce correlation of noise samples and resultant data errors;
a first interleaver configured to interleave the first codewords using convolutional interleaving to spread a transmission order of the first codewords;
a second encoder configured to encode the interleaved first codewords using a second code to generate second codewords;
a mapper configured to map the second codewords to transmit symbols;
a second interleaver configured to interleave the transmit symbols to distribute the transmit symbols between pilot symbols; and
a frame generator configured to generate a transmit frame including the interleaved transmit symbols and the pilot symbols,
wherein the optical transmitter is configured to transmit the generated transmit frame to a receiver over a communication channel.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The optical transmitter of claim 1 wherein the convolutional interleaving comprises outputting blocks of a predetermined number of consecutive bits from the first codewords in a sequence that spreads burst errors across the first codewords generated using the staircase code.

### Claim 3 (depends on 1)

The optical transmitter of claim 1 wherein the staircase code is a recursive block-wise forward error correction code and wherein the first encoder is configured to:
map data symbols in the data to a series of two-dimensional blocks; and
compute, using the staircase code, coding symbols across the blocks to encode the blocks such that concatenating a row of a matrix transpose of a preceding encoded block with a corresponding row of a subsequent block being encoded forms a valid codeword.

### Claim 4 (depends on 3)

The optical transmitter of claim 3 wherein when encoding the subsequent block, the first encoder is configured to select the coding symbols in a first row of the subsequent block so that i) a first row of the matrix transpose of the preceding encoded block, ii) the data symbols of the first row of the subsequent block, and iii) the coding symbols of the same row of the subsequent block together form the valid codeword.

### Claim 5 (depends on 3)

The optical transmitter of claim 3 wherein the encoded blocks have a staircase structure that includes alternating encoded blocks and matrix transposes of the encoded blocks, and wherein each two-block wide row along a stair tread and each two-block high column along a stair riser form the valid codeword.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The optical transmitter of claim 1 wherein the second code is a Hamming code and wherein:
the first interleaver is configured to output the interleaved first codewords in an array of i columns and j rows; and
the second encoder is configured to encode a selected number of bits from an ith block of the array using the Hamming code to generate an encoded codeword, the number of bits being selected based on a type of the Hamming code, and to insert the encoded codeword into a jth row of the array.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1)

The optical transmitter of claim 1 wherein the mapper is configured to map the second codewords to the transmit symbols using Gray code mapping.

### Claim 8 (depends on 1)

The optical transmitter of claim 1 wherein the pilot symbols include a bit sequence that is encoded and mapped to the transmit symbols.

### Claim 9 (depends on 1)

The optical transmitter of claim 1 wherein the pilot symbols include a bit sequence to synchronize the pilot symbols with the second codewords.

### Claim 10 (depends on 1)

The optical transmitter of claim 1 wherein:
the transmit symbols include dual polarized quadrature amplitude modulated symbols; and
the pilot symbols include a polarization identification code to detect and avoid polarization collision.

### Claim 11

A method for an optical transmitter comprising:
generating first codewords by encoding data using a staircase code, the encoding including an error decorrelation interleaving that randomizes correlated errors in the first codewords to reduce correlation of noise samples and resultant data errors;
spreading a transmission order of the first codewords by interleaving the first codewords using convolutional interleaving;
generating second codewords by encoding the interleaved first codewords using a second code;
mapping the second codewords to transmit symbols;
distributing the transmit symbols between pilot symbols by interleaving the transmit symbols;
generating a transmit frame including the interleaved transmit symbols and the pilot symbols; and
transmitting the generated transmit frame from the optical transmitter to a receiver over a communication channel.

### Claim 12 (depends on 11)

The method of claim 11 wherein the convolutional interleaving comprises outputting blocks of a predetermined number of consecutive bits from the first codewords in a sequence that spreads burst errors across the first codewords generated using the staircase code.

### Claim 13 (depends on 11)

The method of claim 11 wherein the staircase code is a recursive block-wise forward error correction code, the method further comprising generating the first codewords by:
mapping data symbols in the data to a series of two-dimensional blocks; and
computing, using the staircase code, coding symbols across the blocks to encode the blocks such that concatenating a row of a matrix transpose of a preceding encoded block with a corresponding row of a subsequent block being encoded forms a valid codeword.

### Claim 14 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13 further comprising when encoding the subsequent block, selecting the coding symbols in a first row of the subsequent block so that i) a first row of the matrix transpose of the preceding encoded block, ii) the data symbols of the first row of the subsequent block, and iii) the coding symbols of the same row of the subsequent block together form the valid codeword.

### Claim 15 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13 wherein the encoded blocks have a staircase structure that includes alternating encoded blocks and matrix transposes of the encoded blocks, and wherein each two-block wide row along a stair tread and each two-block high column along a stair riser form the valid codeword.

### Claim 16 (depends on 11)

The method of claim 11 wherein the second code is a Hamming code, the method further comprising:
outputting the interleaved first codewords in an array of i columns and j rows;
generating an encoded codeword by encoding a selected number of bits from an ith block of the array using the Hamming code, the number of bits being selected based on a type of the Hamming code; and
inserting the encoded codeword into a jth row of the array selected.

### Claim 17 (depends on 11)

The method of claim 11 further comprising mapping the second codewords to the transmit symbols using Gray code mapping.

### Claim 18 (depends on 11)

The method of claim 11 wherein the pilot symbols include a bit sequence, the method further comprising:
encoding the bit sequence; and
mapping the encoded bit sequence to the transmit symbols.

### Claim 19 (depends on 11)

The method of claim 11 wherein the pilot symbols include a bit sequence, the method further comprising synchronizing the pilot symbols with the second codewords using the bit sequence.

### Claim 20 (depends on 11)

The method of claim 11 wherein the transmit symbols include dual polarized quadrature amplitude modulated symbols, and wherein the pilot symbols include a polarization identification code, the method further comprising detecting and avoiding polarization collision using the polarization identification code.