# US 12,181,767 B2 · Five-particle electrophoretic medium with improved black optical state > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 12,181,767 B2 - Document ID: US12181767B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 18/744,857 - Filed: 2024-06-17 - Published: 2024-10-10 - Granted: 2024-12-31 - Earliest claimed: 2020-09-15 - Assignees: E Ink Corporation - Applicants: E Ink Corporation - Inventors: Stephen J. Telfer; Ziyan Wu; Sherry Hsin-Yi Tsai; Alex Cheng; Zhe Gong - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US12181767B2 ## CPC - G02F 1/167: by electrophoresis - G02F 1/1368: in which the switching element is a three-electrode device {(G02F1/136277 takes precedence)} - G02F 1/16753: Structures for supporting or mounting cells, e.g. frames or bezels - G02F 1/1676: Electrodes - G02F 1/16766: for active matrices - G02F 2001/1678: {characterised by the composition or particle type} - G02F: OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS ## Abstract A color electrophoretic display with improved black optical state includes an electrophoretic medium having five types of charged electrophoretic pigment particles in a non-polar fluid: a first particle having a first optical property and first charge polarity; a second particle having a second optical property and second opposite charge polarity with a first charge magnitude; a third particle having a third optical property and second charge polarity with a second charge magnitude smaller than the first charge; a fourth particle having a fourth optical property and second charge polarity with a third charge magnitude smaller than the second charge; and a fifth particle having a fifth optical property and second charge polarity with a fourth charge magnitude greater than the first charge. The first and fifth particles are white and black, respectively, and the second, third, and fourth particles are each a different one of cyan, magenta, and yellow. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A color electrophoretic display comprising: a light-transmissive electrode layer at a viewing surface; a back electrode layer; and an electrophoretic medium disposed between the light-transmissive electrode layer and the back electrode layer, the electrophoretic medium comprising: a non-polar fluid; and a multi-pigment particle system comprising five types of charged electrophoretic pigment particles dispersed in the non-polar fluid, the five types of charged electrophoretic pigment particles comprising: a first type of particle having a first optical property and a first charge polarity; a second type of particle having a second optical property, and having a second charge polarity with a first charge magnitude, said second charge polarity being opposite to the first charge polarity; a third type of particle having a third optical property, and having the second charge polarity with a second charge magnitude smaller than the first charge magnitude; a fourth type of particle having a fourth optical property, and having the second charge polarity with a third charge magnitude smaller than the second charge magnitude; and a fifth type of particle having a fifth optical property, and having the second charge polarity with a fourth charge magnitude greater than the first charge magnitude; wherein the first type of particle is white, the fifth type of particle is black, and the second, third, and fourth types of particles are each a different one of cyan, magenta, and yellow. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The color electrophoretic display of claim 1, wherein the second, third, and fourth types of particles are cyan, magenta, and yellow, respectively. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The color electrophoretic display of claim 1, wherein the first charge polarity is negative and the second charge polarity is positive. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The color electrophoretic display of claim 1, wherein the first charge magnitude is about 80 mV to about 100 mV. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The color electrophoretic display of claim 1, wherein the second charge magnitude is about 40 mV to about 50 mV. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The color electrophoretic display of claim 1, wherein the third charge magnitude is about-5 mV to about 5 mV. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The color electrophoretic display of claim 1, wherein the fourth charge magnitude is about 100 mV. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The color electrophoretic display of claim 1, wherein the first type of particle has a charge magnitude of about-55 mV to about-70 mV. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The color electrophoretic display of claim 1, wherein the back electrode layer includes an array of thin film transistors coupled to pixel electrodes, each thin film transistor comprising a layer of a metal oxide semiconductor. ### Claim 10 (depends on 9) The color electrophoretic display of claim 9, wherein the metal oxide semiconductor is indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO). ### Claim 11 (depends on 9) The color electrophoretic display of claim 9, wherein the thin film transistors comprising the layer of metal oxide semiconductor enable switching of control voltages greater than 25V and less than-25V while the light-transmissive electrode layer is held at constant voltage for changing optical states of pixels of the electrophoretic display. ### Claim 12 (depends on 1) The color electrophoretic display of claim 1, wherein the fifth type of particle includes a polymer shell grafted on a surface of the particles. ### Claim 13 (depends on 1) The color electrophoretic display of claim 1, wherein the third type of particle is magenta and includes a polymer shell coated on the particles by dispersion polymerization. ### Claim 14 (depends on 1) The color electrophoretic display of claim 1, wherein the second, third, and fourth types of particles are cyan, magenta, and yellow, respectively, and wherein the first charge polarity is negative and the second charge polarity is positive. ### Claim 15 (depends on 1) The color electrophoretic display of claim 1, wherein the first charge magnitude is about 80 mV to about 100 mV, the second charge magnitude is about 40 mV to about 50 mV, the third charge magnitude is about-5 mV to about 5 mV, and the fourth charge magnitude is about 100 mV. ### Claim 16 (depends on 15) The color electrophoretic display of claim 15, wherein the first type of particle has a charge magnitude of about-55 mV to about-70 mV. ### Claim 17 An electrophoretic medium for a color electrophoretic display, said electrophoretic medium comprising: a non-polar fluid; and a multi-pigment particle system comprising five types of charged electrophoretic pigment particles dispersed in the non-polar fluid, the five types of charged electrophoretic pigment particles comprising: a first type of particle having a first optical property and a first charge polarity; a second type of particle having a second optical property, and having a second charge polarity with a first charge magnitude, said second charge polarity being opposite to the first charge polarity; a third type of particle having a third optical property, and having the second charge polarity with a second charge magnitude smaller than the first charge magnitude; a fourth type of particle having a fourth optical property, and having the second charge polarity with a third charge magnitude smaller than the second charge magnitude; and a fifth type of particle having a fifth optical property, and having the second charge polarity with a fourth charge magnitude greater than the first charge magnitude; wherein the first type of particle is white, the fifth type of particle is black, and the second, third, and fourth types of particles are each a different one of cyan, magenta, and yellow. ### Claim 18 (depends on 17) The electrophoretic medium of claim 17, wherein the second, third, and fourth types of particles are cyan, magenta, and yellow, respectively, and wherein the first charge polarity is negative and the second charge polarity is positive. ### Claim 19 (depends on 17) The electrophoretic medium of claim 17, wherein the first charge magnitude is about 80 mV to about 100 mV, the second charge magnitude is about 40 mV to about 50 mV, the third charge magnitude is about −5 mV to about 5 mV, and the fourth charge magnitude is about 100 mV. ### Claim 20 (depends on 17) The electrophoretic medium of claim 17, wherein the first type of particle has a charge magnitude of about −55 mV to about −70 mV.