# US 12,181,506 B1 · Using vapor cell sensors to perform over-the-air testing of cellular base stations > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 12,181,506 B1 - Document ID: US12181506B1 - Status: Granted - Kind: B1 - Application number: 18/605,321 - Filed: 2024-03-14 - Granted: 2024-12-31 - Earliest claimed: 2023-09-29 - Assignees: WaveRyde Instruments Inc. - Applicants: WaveRyde Instruments Inc. - Inventors: Reza Majidi-Ahy; James P. Shaffer - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US12181506B1 ## CPC - G01R 29/0885: {using optical probes, e.g. electro-optical, luminescent, glow discharge, or optical interferometers} - H04B 17/191: {Over-the-air testing} - H04W 24/08: Testing, {supervising or monitoring} using real traffic - G01R: MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES (indicating correct tuning of resonant circuits H03J3/12) - H04B: TRANSMISSION - H04W: WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS (broadcast communication H04H; communication systems using wireless links for non-selective communication, e.g. wireless extensions H04M1/72) ## Abstract In a general aspect, vapor cell sensors are used to perform over-the-air (OTA) testing of cellular base stations. In some implementations, a vapor cell sensor including a vapor having Rydberg states is tuned to a carrier frequency of RF radiation emitted from a cellular base station. A first set of optical signals is generated based on an interaction between the vapor and a synchronization signal transmitted from the cellular base station. The vapor cell sensor is tuned to a harmonic of the carrier frequency. A second set of optical signals is generated based on an interaction between the vapor and the RF radiation. The first and second sets of optical signals are converted to digital data. The digital data is processed to detect a condition of the cellular base station. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A method of performing over-the-air testing of a cellular base station, the method comprising: tuning a vapor cell sensor to a carrier frequency of radio frequency (RF) radiation emitted from the cellular base station, the vapor cell sensor comprising a vapor having Rydberg states; by operation of the vapor cell sensor tuned to the carrier frequency, generating a first set of optical signals based on an interaction between the vapor and a synchronization signal transmitted from the cellular base station; tuning the vapor cell sensor to a harmonic of the carrier frequency; by operation of the vapor cell sensor tuned to the harmonic of the carrier frequency, generating a second set of optical signals based on an interaction between the vapor and the RF radiation emitted from the cellular base station; and by operation of a control system communicably coupled to the vapor cell sensor: converting the first and second sets of optical signals to digital data; and processing the digital data to detect a condition of the cellular base station. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the RF radiation comprises spurious emissions from the cellular base station, and generating the second set of optical signals comprises generating the second set of optical signals based on an interaction between the vapor and the spurious emissions. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second sets of optical signals are generated during an installation stage of the cellular base station, and detecting the condition of the cellular base station comprises detecting the condition during the installation stage. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second sets of optical signals are generated during an active operation stage of the cellular base station, and detecting the condition of the cellular base station comprises detecting the condition during the active operation stage. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second sets of optical signals are generated during a pre-installation stage of the cellular base station, and detecting the condition of the cellular base station comprises detecting the condition during the pre-installation stage. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, comprising: operating a user equipment with a receiver at a location of the vapor cell sensor, wherein operating the user equipment causes the cellular base station to direct the synchronization signal toward the vapor cell sensor during the operation of the vapor cell sensor. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second sets of optical signals are generated while the vapor cell sensor resides at a measurement location, and the method comprises: by operation of a location detection system associated with the vapor cell sensor, detecting the measurement location of the vapor cell sensor; and by operation of the control system, associating the detected condition of the cellular base station with the measurement location. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) The method of claim 7, wherein the measurement location is a first measurement location, the condition of the cellular base station is a first condition, and the method comprises: moving the vapor cell sensor to a second measurement location; by operation of the location detection system, detecting the second measurement location of the vapor cell sensor; by operation of the vapor cell sensor at the second measurement location, generating further sets of optical signals based on an interaction between the vapor and the synchronization signal transmitted from the cellular base station; and by operation of the control system: detecting a second condition of the cellular base station based on the further sets of optical signals; and associating the second condition of the cellular base station with the second measurement location. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the vapor cell sensor comprises a dielectric cell that contains the vapor having Rydberg states, and the first and second sets of optical signals are independent of an orientation of the dielectric cell relative to the cellular base station. ### Claim 10 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein processing the digital data comprises detecting at least one of: out-of-band emissions from the cellular base stations; or spurious emissions from the cellular base stations. ### Claim 11 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the carrier frequency and the harmonic of the carrier frequency are in a microwave frequency range below 7.125 GHZ. ### Claim 12 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the carrier frequency and the harmonic of the carrier frequency are in a millimeter-wave frequency range above 24.25 GHz. ### Claim 13 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the vapor cell sensor resides in a Fresnel zone associated with the cellular base station during operation of the vapor cell sensor. ### Claim 14 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, comprising: identifying the synchronization signal by detecting an amplitude or phase change in the first set of optical signals; and synchronizing operation of the control system with the synchronization signal. ### Claim 15 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein processing the digital data comprises: passing the digital data through one or more matched filters to identify properties of the synchronization signal. ### Claim 16 (depends on 15) The method of claim 15, wherein passing the digital data through one or more matched filters comprises: constructing the one or more matched filters using frequency-domain signal processing; and decoding the synchronization signal from the cellular base station using the one or more matched filters. ### Claim 17 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein processing the digital data comprises: measuring a single pulse of the synchronization signal. ### Claim 18 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein processing the digital data comprises: detecting a set of pulses of the synchronization signal; and averaging the set of pulses of the synchronization signal. ### Claim 19 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein processing the digital data comprises: detecting a phase shift in the synchronization signal. ### Claim 20 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein processing the digital data comprises: measuring an amplitude of a single pulse to determine a power level of the synchronization signal. ### Claim 21 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, comprising: tuning the vapor cell sensor to a second harmonic of the carrier frequency; by operation of the vapor cell sensor tuned to the second harmonic of the carrier frequency, generating a third set of optical signals based on the interaction between the vapor and the RF radiation transmitted from the cellular base station; tuning the vapor cell sensor to a third harmonic of the carrier frequency; by operation of the vapor cell sensor tuned to the third harmonic of the carrier frequency, generating a fourth set of optical signals based on an interaction between the vapor and the RF radiation transmitted from the cellular base station; and by operation of the control system: converting the first, second, third and fourth sets of optical signals to the digital data; and processing the digital data to detect a condition of the cellular base station. ### Claim 22 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein processing the digital data to detect a condition of the cellular base station comprises: determining a measured value of a nonlinear emission power level of the synchronization signal; and comparing the measured value of the nonlinear emission power level with a regulatory threshold value of the nonlinear emission power level to determine the condition of the cellular base station. ### Claim 23 (depends on 22) The method of claim 22, comprising: based on the measured value, determining a future value of the nonlinear emission power level for a future time to predict potential failure of the cellular base station. ### Claim 24 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, comprising repeating the tuning and operation of the vapor cell sensor during a plurality of distinct time periods to detect the condition of the cellular base station during each of the distinct time periods. ### Claim 25 (depends on 24) The method of claim 24, comprising comparing the detected conditions of the cellular base station over months or years. ### Claim 26 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, comprising: tuning the vapor cell sensor to a second carrier frequency of second RF radiation emitted from a second cellular base station; by operation of the vapor cell sensor tuned to the second carrier frequency, generating a third set of optical signals based on an interaction between the vapor and a second synchronization signal transmitted from the second cellular base station; tuning the vapor cell sensor to a harmonic of the second carrier frequency; by operation of the vapor cell sensor tuned to the harmonic of the second carrier frequency, generating a fourth set of optical signals based on an interaction between the vapor and the second RF radiation emitted from the second cellular base station; and by operation of the control system: converting the third and fourth sets of optical signals to second digital data; and processing the second digital data to detect a condition of the second cellular base station.