# US 12,179,942 B2 · Localizing, waking-up, and estimating direction of femto-satellites > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 12,179,942 B2 - Document ID: US12179942B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 18/558,021 - Filed: 2022-05-03 - Published: 2024-08-08 - Granted: 2024-12-31 - Earliest claimed: 2021-05-03 - Assignees: Massachusetts Institute of Technology - Applicants: Massachusetts Institute of Technology - Inventors: Kerri Cahoy; Christian Haughwout; Paul Serra; Ruonan Han; Anantha Chandrakasan - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US12179942B2 ## CPC - B64G 3/00: Observing or tracking cosmonautic vehicles - B64G 1/10: Artificial satellites; Systems of such satellites; Interplanetary vehicles (space shuttles B64G1/14) - B64G 1/1085: {Swarms and constellations} - B64G 1/443: {Photovoltaic cell arrays} - B64G 1/66: Arrangements or adaptations of apparatus or instruments, not otherwise provided for - G01S 1/70: using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves - G01S 5/16: using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves - G01S 13/42: Simultaneous measurement of distance and other co-ordinates (indirect measurement G01S13/46) - G01S 13/88: Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications (electromagnetic prospecting or detecting of objects, e.g. near-field detection, G01V3/00) - H04B 10/118: specially adapted for satellite communication - B64G 1/44: using radiation, e.g. deployable solar arrays - G01S 13/10: using transmission of interrupted, pulse modulated waves (determination of distance by phase measurement G01S13/32) - G01S 13/32: using transmission of continuous waves, whether amplitude-, frequency-, or phase-modulated, or unmodulated - G01S 13/426: {Scanning radar, e.g. 3D radar (G01S13/66 takes precedence)} - G01S 13/765: {with exchange of information between interrogator and responder} - G01S 17/74: Systems using reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. IFF, i.e. identification of friend or foe - G01S 2013/0245: {Radar with phased array antenna} - B64G: COSMONAUTICS; VEHICLES OR EQUIPMENT THEREFOR - G01S: RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES - H04B: TRANSMISSION ## Abstract Femto-satellites are very small satellites that can be deployed in constellations from a larger mothership satellite for distributed measurement. They are too small to accommodate the GNSS receivers that many satellites use for navigation, but they can be located with an electromagnetic beam from the mothership satellite. The mothership satellite scans this beam across a constellation of femto-satellites. When the beam scans across a particular femto-satellite, the femto-satellite transmits an acknowledgement to the mothership satellite, e.g., by retroreflecting the beam or via a separate radio link. The beam can be modulated with commands for the femto-satellite, such as to make a measurement or transmit previously acquired data, as well with commands for determining the femto-satellite's location, such as a time stamp or beam pointing information. The femto-satellite can determine its location from the information modulated onto the beam or transmit the time stamp to the mothership satellite for localization. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A femto-satellite comprising: a solar cell array to convert incident solar radiation into direct current (DC) components and to convert an electromagnetic beam from a spacecraft into alternating current (AC) components; filters, operably coupled to respective solar cells in the solar cell array, to separate the DC components from the AC components; and circuitry, operably coupled to the filters, to detect the AC components and to activate at least one electronic component of the femto-satellite in response to the solar cell array receiving the electromagnetic beam from the spacecraft. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The femto-satellite of claim 1, wherein the at least one electronic component comprises a radio to transmit an acknowledgement of the electromagnetic beam to the spacecraft. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The femto-satellite of claim 1, wherein the at least one electronic component comprises a sensor to make a measurement in response to the electromagnetic beam. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The femto-satellite of claim 1, wherein the circuitry is configured to estimate a bearing from the femto-satellite to the spacecraft based on the AC components. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The femto-satellite of claim 1, further comprising: a retroreflector to retroreflect at least a portion of the electromagnetic beam back to the spacecraft. ### Claim 6 A method of operating a femto-satellite, the method comprising: receiving, by a solar cell array on the femto-satellite, an electromagnetic beam scanned by a spacecraft across a portion of outer space containing the femto-satellite; activating at least one electronic component of the femto-satellite in response to the solar cell array receiving the electromagnetic beam; and transmitting, by the femto-satellite, an acknowledgement of the electromagnetic beam to the spacecraft. ### Claim 7 (depends on 6) The method of claim 6, wherein transmitting the acknowledgement comprises retroreflecting at least a portion of the electromagnetic beam to the spacecraft. ### Claim 8 (depends on 6) The method of claim 6, wherein transmitting the acknowledgement comprises transmitting at least one of a radio-frequency signal, a terahertz signal, or an optical signal from the femto-satellite to the spacecraft. ### Claim 9 (depends on 6) The method of claim 6, further comprising: estimating a bearing from the femto-satellite to the spacecraft based on alternating current (AC) components of outputs of solar cells in the solar cell array. ### Claim 10 (depends on 9) The method of claim 9, wherein estimating the bearing comprises: determining respective amplitudes of the AC components; comparing the respective amplitudes of the AC components; and estimating the bearing based on the respective amplitudes of the AC components. ### Claim 11 (depends on 9) The method of claim 9, wherein estimating the bearing comprises: determining respective in-phase and quadrature (IQ) components of the AC components; determining differences between the respective IQ components; and estimating the bearing based on the differences between the respective IQ components. ### Claim 12 (depends on 6) The method of claim 6, further comprising: actuating a sensor on the femto-satellite in response to the solar cell array receiving the electromagnetic beam. ### Claim 13 (depends on 6) The method of claim 6, wherein receiving the electromagnetic beam comprises coupling the electromagnetic beam to the solar cell array with a plurality of gratings, each grating in the plurality of gratings being disposed on a different solar cell in the solar cell array and having a grating vector pointing in a different direction. ### Claim 14 (depends on 6) The method of claim 6, wherein further comprising: decoding, at the femto-satellite, a timestamp and information about a pointing angle of the electromagnetic beam encoded in the electromagnetic beam; and determining, by the femto-satellite, a position of the femto-satellite with respect to the spacecraft based on the timestamp and the information about the pointing angle of the electromagnetic beam. ### Claim 15 (depends on 6) The method of claim 6, further comprising: decoding, at the femto-satellite, a wake-up command encoded in the electromagnetic beam. ### Claim 16 (depends on 6) The method of claim 6, further comprising: estimating a pointing angle of the electromagnetic beam based on differences in amplitudes of outputs of different solar cells in the solar cell array. ### Claim 17 (depends on 6) The method of claim 6, further comprising: filtering an output of the solar cell array into direct current (DC) components and alternating current (AC) components; directing the DC components to power-conditioning circuitry for powering electronics of the femto-satellite; and directing the AC components to a micro-controller unit for processing. ### Claim 18 (depends on 1) The femto-satellite of claim 1, wherein the filters comprise one filter per solar cell in the solar cell array. ### Claim 19 (depends on 1) The femto-satellite of claim 1, wherein the filters are configured to direct the DC components to power-conditioning circuitry for powering electronics of the femto-satellite and to direct the AC component to a micro-controller unit for processing. ### Claim 20 (depends on 1) The femto-satellite of claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of gratings, each grating in the plurality of gratings being disposed on a different solar cell in the solar cell array and having a grating vector pointing in a different direction.