Automated aerobic fitness measurement from smartphone technology

A method of determining fitness of an individual, the method comprising:

• obtaining, via a camera sensor of a mobile device, a single two-dimensional (2D) image of the individual comprising an anterior or posterior portion of a body of the individual with hips and shoulders parallel to the camera sensor, wherein the mobile device is one of a smartphone or tablet;
• digitizing, by a processor of the mobile device, the single image of the individual into an array of pixels;
• identifying, by the processor and using a digital anthropometer on the mobile device, a plurality of anatomical landmarks in the digitized single image, including at a waist landmark, a hip landmark, and a shoulder landmark;
• measuring, by the processor and using an automated image analysis program that is configured to measure the array of pixels, a cross-sectional diameter as a linear distance of pixels in the single image at each of the plurality of anatomical landmarks;
• estimating, by the processor and using a predictive model, a body composition value of the individual based on the measured cross-sectional diameters;
• determining, by the processor, a VO2 max of the individual based on a measured heart rate of the individual while walking or running a distance over an amount of time;
• determining, by the processor, a fitness value of the individual using the determined body composition value and the determined VO2 max, wherein the fitness value is indicative of the individual's aerobic fitness and/or cardiovascular health;
• and
• outputting, by the processor, the fitness value to a display of the mobile device via an application executing on the mobile device, wherein the fitness value is used to monitor changes to the individual's aerobic fitness and/or cardiovascular health over time.