# US 12,119,737 B2 · Model predictive pulse pattern control based on optimizing a sequence of averaged switch positions > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 12,119,737 B2 - Document ID: US12119737B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 17/767,793 - Filed: 2020-09-29 - Published: 2024-03-21 - Granted: 2024-10-15 - Earliest claimed: 2019-10-11 - Assignees: ABB Schweiz AG - Applicants: ABB Schweiz AG - Inventors: Tobias Geyer; Annika Birth - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US12119737B2 ## CPC - H02M 1/0012: {Control circuits using digital or numerical techniques (in DC/DC converters H02M3/157, H02M3/33515; in DC-AC converters H02M7/53873)} - H02M 7/48: using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode - H02M 7/483: Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels - H02M 7/53876: {based on synthesising a desired voltage vector via the selection of appropriate fundamental voltage vectors, and corresponding dwelling times} - H02M 1/0025: {Arrangements for modifying reference values, feedback values or error values in the control loop of a converter} - H02M 7/525: with automatic control of output waveform or frequency (H02M7/517 - H02M7/523 take precedence) - H02M: APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF (transformers H01F; dynamo-electric converters H02K47/00; controlling transformers, reactors or choke coils, control or regulation of electric motors, generators or dynamo-electric converters H02P) ## Abstract A method for controlling an electrical converter system is provided herein. The method includes determining a switching signal and a reference trajectory of at least one electrical quantity of the electrical converter system over a horizon of future sampling instants; generating a sequence of averaged switch positions from the switching signal over the horizon; determining a sequence of optimized averaged switch positions with optimized averaged switch positions by optimizing a cost function based on the sequence of averaged switch positions; determining an optimized switching signal for the current sampling interval by moving switching transitions in the switching signal, such that the average of the switching signal with the modified switching transitions equals the optimized averaged switch position; and applying at least the next switching transition of the optimized switching signal for the current sampling interval to the electrical converter system. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A method for controlling an electrical converter system, the method comprising: determining a switching signal and a reference trajectory of at least one electrical quantity of the electrical converter system over a horizon of future sampling instants, wherein the switching signal and the reference trajectory are determined from a table of optimized pulse patterns, and wherein the switching signal comprises switching transitions between output levels of an electrical converter of the electrical converter system and the reference trajectory indicates a desired future trajectory of the at least one electrical quantity of the converter system; generating a sequence of averaged switch positions from the switching signal over the horizon, wherein the switching signal is divided into sampling intervals, wherein the sequence of averaged switch positions comprises an averaged switch position per sampling interval, and wherein the averaged switch position is determined by averaging the switching signal defined by the switching instants and output levels in the sampling interval; determining a sequence of optimized averaged switch positions by optimizing a cost function based on the sequence of averaged switch positions, wherein the cost function comprises an error term with a difference of the reference trajectory and a predicted trajectory, wherein the cost function additionally comprises a term with a difference of the averaged switch positions and the optimized averaged switch positions, and wherein the predicted trajectory is determined over the horizon from a model of the converter system, into which a sequence of modified averaged switch positions and measurements of the converter system are input; determining an optimized switching signal for a current sampling interval by moving switching transitions in the switching signal, such that in the current sampling interval the average of the switching signal with the modified switching transitions equals the optimized averaged switch position; and applying at least the next switching transition of the optimized switching signal for the current sampling interval to the electrical converter system. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein sampling intervals without switching transitions are discarded from the sequence of averaged switch positions, and wherein the averaged switch positions are solely optimized in the sampling intervals comprising switching transitions. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the sequence of optimized averaged switch positions is determined by solving a quadratic program into which the averaged switch positions, the reference trajectory, and the predicted trajectory are input. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the sequence of optimized averaged switch positions is determined by optimizing the cost function subject to constraints; and wherein the averaged switch positions are constrained, such that the modified switching transitions stay within the respective sampling interval. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the sequence of optimized averaged switch positions is determined by optimizing the cost function subject to constraints; and wherein the averaged switch positions are constrained, such that the modified switching transitions stay in the original order. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the reference trajectory has a converter contribution, which is determined from the optimized pulse patterns; wherein the reference trajectory has a grid contribution, which is determined from an estimated sinusoidal grid voltage; and wherein the reference trajectory is the sum of the converter contribution and the grid contribution. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the converter contribution to the reference trajectory is determined at support points with a different spacing as the controller sampling instants, and values of the reference trajectory at the sampling instants are determined by interpolation. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the optimized pulse patterns and a converter contribution of the reference trajectory are determined offline and stored in a lookup table. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the modified switching transitions of the optimized switching signal are determined by solving a linear program with a further cost function, which minimizes the differences of the unmodified switching transitions and the respective modified switching transitions. ### Claim 10 A computer for controlling an electrical converter system, the computer comprising at least one processor, the at least one processor programmed to: determine a switching signal and a reference trajectory of at least one electrical quantity of the electrical converter system over a horizon of future sampling instants, wherein the switching signal and the reference trajectory are determined from a table of optimized pulse patterns, and wherein the switching signal comprises switching transitions between output levels of an electrical converter of the electrical converter system and the reference trajectory indicates a desired future trajectory of the at least one electrical quantity of the converter system; generate a sequence of averaged switch positions from the switching signal over the horizon, wherein the switching signal is divided into sampling intervals, wherein the sequence of averaged switch positions comprises an averaged switch position per sampling interval, and wherein the averaged switch position is determined by averaging the switching signal defined by the switching instants and output levels in the sampling interval; determine a sequence of optimized averaged switch positions by optimizing a cost function based on the sequence of averaged switch positions, wherein the cost function comprises an error term with a difference of the reference trajectory and a predicted trajectory, wherein the cost function additionally comprises a term with a difference of the averaged switch positions and the optimized averaged switch positions, and wherein the predicted trajectory is determined over the horizon from a model of the converter system, into which a sequence of modified averaged switch positions and measurements of the converter system are input; determine an optimized switching signal for a current sampling interval by moving switching transitions in the switching signal, such that in the current sampling interval the average of the switching signal with the modified switching transitions equals the optimized averaged switch position; and apply at least the next switching transition of the optimized switching signal for the current sampling interval to the electrical converter system. ### Claim 11 (depends on 10) A non-transitory computer-readable medium, in which a computer program according to claim 10 is stored. ### Claim 12 A controller for an electrical converter system, the controller programmed to: determine a switching signal and a reference trajectory of at least one electrical quantity of an electrical converter system over a horizon of future sampling instants, wherein the switching signal and the reference trajectory are determined from a table of optimized pulse patterns, and wherein the switching signal comprises switching transitions between output levels of an electrical converter of the electrical converter system and the reference trajectory indicates a desired future trajectory of the at least one electrical quantity of the converter system; generate a sequence of averaged switch positions from the switching signal over the horizon, wherein the switching signal is divided into sampling intervals, wherein the sequence of averaged switch positions comprises an averaged switch position per sampling interval, and wherein the averaged switch position is determined by averaging the switching signal defined by the switching instants and output levels in the sampling interval; determine a sequence of optimized averaged switch positions by optimizing a cost function based on the sequence of averaged switch positions, wherein the cost function comprises an error term with a difference of the reference trajectory and a predicted trajectory, wherein the cost function additionally comprises a term with a difference of the averaged switch positions and the optimized averaged switch positions, and wherein the predicted trajectory is determined over the horizon from a model of the converter system, into which a sequence of modified averaged switch positions and measurements of the converter system are input; determine an optimized switching signal for a current sampling interval by moving switching transitions in the switching signal, such that in the current sampling interval the average of the switching signal with the modified switching transitions equals the optimized averaged switch position; and apply at least the next switching transition of the optimized switching signal for the current sampling interval to the electrical converter system. ### Claim 13 (depends on 12) A converter system, comprising: an electrical converter interconnected with an electrical grid; and a controller according to claim 12 for controlling the electrical converter. ### Claim 14 (depends on 13) The converter system of claim 13, further comprising: a resonant subsystem comprising at least an inductor, a filter, and/or a transformer; wherein the model of the converter system used during optimizing the cost function includes a model of the electrical converter and the resonant subsystem.