# US 12,113,252 B2 · Detecting a fault condition in a fuel cell system

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- Number: US 12,113,252 B2
- Document ID: US12113252B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 17/744,471
- Filed: 2022-05-13
- Published: 2023-11-16
- Granted: 2024-10-08
- Earliest claimed: 2022-05-13
- Assignees: ZeroAvia, Inc.
- Applicants: ZeroAvia, Inc.
- Inventors: Bob L. Mackey; Valery Miftakhov; Callum Woods Larson Ritchie; Christian Bailey; Kevin-Patxi Le Bras
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US12113252B2

## CPC

- H01M 8/04671: {of the individual fuel cell}
- H01M 8/04664: Failure or abnormal function
- H01M 8/04679: {of fuel cell stacks}
- H01M 2250/20: Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
- Y02E 60/50: Fuel cells
- H01M: PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- Y02E: REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION

## Abstract

A fuel cell system having at least one fuel cell having an external surface; and one or more of audio, image, or strain sensors external to the fuel cell surface, configured for detecting a change in the external surface of the fuel cell indicative of a fault condition. The at last one sensor may include a visual camera, an IR camera, an IR detector, or a UV-responsive camera, or an ultrasound transducer, a piezoelectric sensor and a vibration sensor, or a surface acoustic wave detector, or a mass spectrometer.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A fuel cell system comprising at least one fuel cell having an external surface; and
one or more sensors external to the fuel cell surface, configured for detecting a change in the external surface of said fuel cell indicative of a fault condition, wherein the one or more sensors are selected from the group consisting of an ultrasound transducer, and a combination of a mass spectrometer sensor and at least one ionizing beam source directed toward the fuel cell.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The system of claim 1, wherein a plurality of said sensors are arranged so that a plurality of the external surfaces substantially fill the field of view of the sensors.

### Claim 3 (depends on 1)

The system of claim 1, wherein the sensors are affixed to or microfabricated within the external surface of the fuel cell.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1)

The system of claim 1, wherein multiple of said sensors are disposed to detect multiple external surfaces of the fuel cell.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The system of claim 1, wherein the fuel cell comprises a hydrogen fuel cell.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The system of claim 1, wherein one or more of the external surfaces of the fuel cell is patterned.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1)

The system of claim 1, wherein the fuel cell is selected from the group consisting of a phosphoric acid fuel cell, a solid oxide fuel cell, a molten carbonate fuel cell, and an alkaline fuel cell.

### Claim 8 (depends on 1)

The system of claim 1, wherein the fault condition is associated with at least one of the following defective subsystems: a membrane, a cooling subsystem, a voltage monitoring system subsystem, a control subsystem, a power conditioning subsystem, a reformer subsystem, or a busbar subsystem.

### Claim 9 (depends on 1)

A fuel cell powered aircraft comprising at least one electric motor, and a fuel cell system as claimed in claim 1.

### Claim 10 (depends on 9)

The fuel cell powered aircraft of claim 9, wherein the fuel cell comprises a hydrogen fuel cell.

### Claim 11

A method for detecting a fault condition in a fuel cell which comprises providing a fuel cell with one or more sensors external to a fuel cell surface, activating the one or more sensors, and generating an alert signal when a change in the external surface is detected, wherein the one or more sensors comprise ultrasound transducer sensors, and including the steps of directing infrared energy pulses into an interior of the fuel cell, and employing said one or more sensors to monitor the external surface of said fuel cell for changes.

### Claim 12

A method for detecting a fault condition in a fuel cell which comprises providing a fuel cell with one or more mass spectrometer sensors external to a fuel cell surface, activating the sensors, directing an ionized beam toward a surface of the fuel cell, detecting ionization products produced using the one or more mass spectrometer sensors, and generating an alert signal when a change in the ionization products is detected.

### Claim 13

An article comprising a computer readable storage medium storing instructions to cause a process-based system to:
collect data regarding characteristics of a surface of a fuel cell using one or more sensors selected from the group consisting of an ultrasound transducer, and a combination of a mass spectrometer sensor and at least one ionizing beam source directed toward the fuel cell,
compare said data to a standards data, and when changes in at least one surface are detected, determine whether said changes are caused by a fault condition in said fuel cell.