# US 12,110,362 B2 · Three-dimensional printing > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 12,110,362 B2 - Document ID: US12110362B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 16/756,391 - Filed: 2018-09-07 - Published: 2021-04-01 - Granted: 2024-10-08 - Earliest claimed: 2017-11-30 - Assignees: Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. - Applicants: Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. - Inventors: Ali Emamjomeh; Shannon Reuben Woodruff; Kenneth Flack; Greg S Long; Katrina Donovan; Erica Fung; Jacob Tyler Wright; James W Stasiak - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US12110362B2 ## CPC - C08G 65/007: {containing fluorine} - B29C 35/0805: {using electromagnetic radiation} - B29C 64/165: using a combination of solid and fluid materials, e.g. a powder selectively bound by a liquid binder, catalyst, inhibitor or energy absorber - B29C 64/194: during lay-up - B29C 64/264: Arrangements for irradiation - B33Y 10/00: Processes of additive manufacturing - B33Y 30/00: Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor - B33Y 40/10: Pre-treatment - B33Y 70/00: Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing - C08F 14/26: Tetrafluoroethene - C08G 77/46: containing polyether sequences - C08L 27/18: Homopolymers or copolymers or tetrafluoroethene - C08L 77/00: Compositions of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain (of polyhydrazides C08L79/06; of polyamideimides or polyamide acids C08L79/08); Compositions of derivatives of such polymers - C09D 11/037: characterised by the pigment - C09D 11/101: Inks specially adapted for printing processes involving curing by wave energy or particle radiation, e.g. with UV-curing following the printing - C09D 11/102: containing macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions other than those only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds - C09D 11/106: containing macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds - C09D 11/322: Pigment inks - C09D 11/38: characterised by non-macromolecular additives other than solvents, pigments or dyes - C09D 127/18: Homopolymers or copolymers of tetrafluoroethene - C09D 171/00: Coating compositions based on polyethers obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain (based on polyacetals C09D159/00; based on epoxy resins C09D163/00; based on polythioether-ethers C09D181/02; based on polyethersulfones C09D181/06); Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers - C09D 171/02: Polyalkylene oxides - C09D 183/12: containing polyether sequences - B29C 2035/0822: {using IR radiation} - B29C 2035/0838: {using laser} - B29K 2075/00: Use of {PU, i.e.} polyureas or polyurethanes {or derivatives thereof}, as moulding material - B29K 2995/0021: Multi-coloured - B29K 2995/004: Semi-crystalline - B33Y 70/10: Composites of different types of material, e.g. mixtures of ceramics and polymers or mixtures of metals and biomaterials - B33Y 80/00: Products made by additive manufacturing - C08L 2205/06: having improved processability or containing aids for moulding methods - C08G: MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS - B29C: SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING (making preforms B29B11/00; making laminated products by combining previously unconnected layers which become one product whose layers will remain together B32B37/00 - B32B41/00) - B33Y: ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING - C08F: MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS - C08L: COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS (compositions based on polymerisable monomers C08F, C08G; artificial filaments or fibres D01F; textile treating compositions D06) - C09D: COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR (cosmetics A61K; processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces, in general, B05D; staining wood B27K5/02; glazes or vitreous enamels C03C; natural resins, French polish, drying-oils, driers, turpentine, per se, C09F; polishing compositions other than French polish, ski waxes C09G; adhesives or use of materials as adhesives C09J; materials for sealing or packing joints or covers C09K3/10; materials for stopping leaks C09K3/12; processes for the electrolytic or electrophoretic production of coatings C25D) - B29K: INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR {MOULDS, } REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS ## Abstract An example of a three-dimensional (3D) printing kit includes a build material composition and a fusing agent to be applied to at least a portion of the build material composition during 3D printing. The build material composition includes a semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer having a surface energy density greater than 41 mN/m. The fusing agent includes an energy absorber to absorb electromagnetic radiation to coalesce the semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer in the at least the portion. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A three-dimensional (3D) printing kit, comprising: a build material composition including an oxygen solution-treated semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer having a surface energy density greater than 41 mN/m, wherein a surface of the oxygen solution-treated semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer: i) is modified with an amine (—NH2) functional group and is prepared using ammonia; or ii) is modified with a urethane functional group and is prepared using a compound selected from the group consisting of urea and a carbamic acid derivative; or iii) is modified with an epoxy functional group and is prepared using a glycidyl methacrylate; and a fusing agent to be applied to at least a portion of the build material composition during 3D printing, the fusing agent including an energy absorber to absorb electromagnetic radiation to coalesce the oxygen solution-treated semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer in the at least the portion. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The 3D printing kit as defined in claim 1 wherein polar elements of the oxygen solution-treated semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer contribute to at least 5% of the surface energy density and increase a hydrophilicity of the oxygen solution-treated semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer relative to its native semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The 3D printing kit as defined in claim 1 wherein the oxygen solution-treated semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer has a surface oxygen content that is increased relative to its native semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The 3D printing kit as defined in claim 1 wherein the oxygen solution-treated semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer has a bulk density after full tapped consolidation of 0.48 g/mL or less. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The 3D printing kit as defined in claim 1 wherein the oxygen solution-treated semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer has an average particle size ranging from about 2 μm to about 200 μm. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The 3D printing kit as defined in claim 1, further comprising: a coloring agent selected from the group consisting of a black agent, a cyan agent, a magenta agent, and a yellow agent; or a detailing agent including a surfactant, a co-solvent, and water; or an anti-coalescing agent; or any combination of the coloring agent, the detailing agent, and the anti-coalescing agent. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The 3D printing kit as defined in claim 1 wherein one of: the fusing agent is a core fusing agent and the energy absorber has absorption at least at wavelengths ranging from 400 nm to 780 nm; or the fusing agent is a primer fusing agent and the energy absorber has absorption at wavelengths ranging from 800 nm to 4000 nm and has transparency at wavelengths ranging from 400 nm to 780 nm. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The 3D printing kit as defined in claim 1 wherein the oxygen solution-treated semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer includes a filler selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide and glass. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The 3D printing kit as defined in claim 1 wherein the oxygen solution-treated semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer is prepared using an oxygen-introducing liquid selected from the group consisting of sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide. ### Claim 10 (depends on 1) The 3D printing kit as defined in claim 1 wherein a semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer of the oxygen solution-treated semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer is a polyamide. ### Claim 11 (depends on 1) The 3D printing kit as defined in claim 1 wherein the surface of the oxygen solution-treated semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer is modified with the amine (—NH2) functional group and is prepared using the ammonia. ### Claim 12 (depends on 1) The 3D printing kit as defined in claim 1 wherein the surface of the oxygen solution-treated semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer is modified with the urethane functional group and is prepared using the urea or the carbamic acid derivative.