Fuel additive compositions for gasoline direct injection engines

A method of reducing stochastic pre-ignition (“SPI”) events in a gasoline-fueled engine by adding at least 10 ppm by weight of a compound having at least one alkyl succinic acid group to a gasoline fuel, wherein said compound is the product of (a) and (b), wherein:

• (a) is an amine with at least one tertiary nitrogen;
• and
• (b) is a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid and/or anhydride;
• and
• wherein said product has at least one of formula (II) or (III), or combinations thereof:
• wherein R1 and R2 are independently hydrogen or a C1 to C50 linear or branched hydrocarbyl group;
• R3 is C1 to C5 linear or branched hydrocarbyl group;
• R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen or a C1 to C22 linear or branched hydrocarbyl group, or are moieties which, when taken together form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring;
• and p is 1 to 5;
• wherein R1 and R2 are independently hydrogen or a C1 to C50 linear or branched hydrocarbyl group;
• R3 is a C1 to C5 linear or branched hydrocarbylene group;
• R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen or a C1 to C22 linear or branched hydrocarbyl group, or are moieties which, when taken together form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring;
• n is 0 to 5;
• wherein R7 is a C1 to C5 linear or branched hydrocarbylene group;
• R8 and R9 are independently hydrogen or a C1 to C22 linear or branched hydrocarbyl group, or are moieties which, when taken together form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring, and m is 0 to 5, wherein at least one of m and n is not 0.