Green-synthesis of copper nanoparticles-PVDF hybrid for water disinfection

A method of making polyvinylidene fluoride nanoparticles fine powder (PVDFNPs), the method comprising:

• dissolving polyvinylidene fluoride in dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) to obtain a polyvinylidene fluoride solution;
• stirring the polyvinylidene fluoride solution;
• adding Polysorbate 80 to the polyvinylidene fluoride solution to obtain a solution mixture and stirring the solution mixture to obtain dispersed polyvinylidene fluoride nanoparticles in the solution mixture;
• separating the dispersed polyvinylidene fluoride nanoparticles from the solution mixture via centrifugation to obtain centrifuged polyvinylidene fluoride nanoparticles;
• and
• freeze-drying the centrifuged polyvinylidene fluoride nanoparticles to obtain freeze-dried polyvinylidene fluoride nanoparticles fine powder (PVDFNPs).

A method of making copper nanoparticles-polyvinylidene fluoride nanoparticles nanocomposite fine powder (CuNPs@PVDFNPs), the method comprising:

• obtaining spent green coffee grounds;
• weighing and washing the spent green coffee grounds to form washed spent green coffee grounds;
• heating the washed spent green coffee grounds to obtain dried spent green coffee grounds;
• grinding the dried spent green coffee grounds to obtain spent green coffee grounds powder;
• sieving the spent green coffee grounds powder;
• adding water to the sieved spent green coffee grounds powder to obtain a mixture;
• boiling the mixture for about 3 hours;
• cooling the boiled mixture;
• centrifuging the cooled mixture at about room temperature to form a centrifuged mixture;
• filtering the centrifuged mixture to obtain spent green coffee grounds extract;
• adding water to the spent green coffee grounds extract to obtain a spent green coffee grounds extract solution;
• stirring while heating the spent green coffee grounds extract solution;
• adding copper sulfate hexahydrate and ascorbic acid to the heated spent green coffee grounds extract solution to obtain copper nanoparticles solution;
• continuously stirring and heating the copper nanoparticles solution at about 80° C. for about 10 hours;
• separating the copper nanoparticles from the heated copper nanoparticles solution via centrifugation to obtain filtered copper nanoparticles;
• drying the filtered copper nanoparticles to obtain dried copper nanoparticles (CUNPs);
• dispersing the dried copper nanoparticles in deionized water to obtain a solution mixture and stirring the solution mixture to obtain a copper nanoparticles solution mixture;
• dissolving polyvinylidene fluoride in dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) to obtain a polyvinylidene fluoride solution;
• stirring the polyvinylidene fluoride solution;
• adding Polysorbate 80 to the polyvinylidene fluoride solution to obtain a solution mixture and stirring the solution mixture to obtain dispersed polyvinylidene fluoride nanoparticles in the solution mixture;
• separating the dispersed polyvinylidene fluoride nanoparticles from the solution mixture via centrifugation to obtain centrifuged polyvinylidene fluoride nanoparticles;
• freeze-drying the centrifuged polyvinylidene fluoride nanoparticles to obtain freeze-dried polyvinylidene fluoride nanoparticles fine powder (PVDFNPs);
• preparing a mixture of deionized water and Polysorbate 80 to obtain a solution;
• dispersing the freeze-dried polyvinylidene fluoride nanoparticles fine powder in the solution to obtain a polyvinylidene fluoride nanoparticles solution;
• continuously stirring the polyvinylidene fluoride nanoparticles solution while adding the copper nanoparticles solution mixture to the polyvinylidene fluoride nanoparticles solution to obtain a copper nanoparticles-polyvinylidene fluoride nanoparticles nanocomposite solution;
• and
• freeze-drying the copper nanoparticles-polyvinylidene fluoride nanoparticles nanocomposite solution to obtain a freeze-dried copper nanoparticles-polyvinylidene fluoride nanoparticles nanocomposite fine powder (CuNPs@PVDFNPs).