Method for determining physical representation of species in fluid flowing through system

A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor, performs operations for determining a physical representation of a species in a fluid flowing through a system, the operations comprising:

• exposing the fluid to radiation to induce at least one paramagnetic response from at least one diamagnetic species present in the fluid flowing through the system;
• performing electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy on the at least one paramagnetic response to generate an EPR spectrum;
• and
• determining the physical representation of the species in the fluid based on the EPR spectrum.

An apparatus for determining a physical representation of a species in a fluid configured to flow through a system, the apparatus comprising:

• a radiation source configured to induce at least one paramagnetic response from at least one diamagnetic species present in the fluid;
• an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer configured to perform EPR spectroscopy on the at least one paramagnetic response to generate an EPR spectrum;
• and
• at least one processor coupled to the EPR spectrometer and the radiation source, the at least one processor being configured to determine the physical representation of the species in the fluid based on the EPR spectrum.