Apparatus for plasmonic nanoantenna optical beam phase-shifter and steerer

A pixel array comprising:

• a plurality of pixels arranged in a plurality of rows, each of the plurality of pixels in each of the plurality of rows connected in series;
• each of the plurality of pixels comprising:
• a transparent electrical insulator;
• a first electrical conductor disposed on the transparent electrical insulator, the first electrical conductor comprising an antenna component and a connector component;
• an electrical insulator disposed on the first electrical conductor;
• a transparent semiconductor disposed on the electrical insulator;
• and
• a second electrical conductor disposed on the transparent semiconductor, the second electrical conductor defining a ground plane;
• wherein the transparent semiconductor is sufficiently thick to prevent plasmonic resonance from occurring at an interface between the transparent semiconductor and the second electrical conductor;
• and
• wherein the electrical insulator is sufficiently thin to allow a change in electrical fields from the antenna component to cause a change in carrier density profile in the transparent semiconductor.