Anisotropic expansion of silicon-dominant anodes

A method of forming a battery, the method comprising:

• forming a battery comprising a cathode, an electrolyte, and an anode, the anode comprising a current collector and an active material on a surface of the current collector, wherein the forming comprises:
• applying an active material based mixture to the current collector;
• performing pyrolysis to convert the active material based mixture to the active material;
• and
• controlling a lateral expansion of the anode in directions parallel to the surface of the current collector during its subsequent operation,
• wherein the controlling comprises selecting or adjusting roughness related features on the surface of the current collector,
• wherein the roughness related features are selected or adjusted based on one or more characteristics of particles in the active material,
• wherein the roughness related features are selected or adjusted to account for the lateral expansion of the anode in the directions parallel to the surface of the current collector, and
• wherein the directions are perpendicular to a thickness of the active material.