Methods and compositions for the catalytic upgrading of alcohols

A composition, comprising:

• (a) a metal-organic framework (MOF) compound comprising:
• (i) a plurality of divalent cobalt ions;
• and/or (ii) a plurality of divalent nickel ions, wherein the MOF compound further comprises a plurality of ligands, wherein each ligand of the plurality of ligands comprises at least one N-substituted aromatic group, and wherein the plurality of divalent cobalt ions and/or the plurality of divalent nickel ions are coordinated with at least one ligand of the plurality of ligands;
• (b) a plurality of metal catalytic compounds, wherein the plurality of metal catalytic compounds comprise ruthenium;
• and
• (c) an alloy comprising:
• (i) ruthenium metal atoms resulting from reduction of at least a portion of the ruthenium of the plurality of metal catalytic compounds;
• and (ii) cobalt metal atoms resulting from reduction of at least a portion of the plurality of divalent cobalt ions of the MOF compound;
• and/or nickel metal atoms resulting from reduction of at least a portion of the plurality of divalent nickel ions of the MOF compound.