# US 12,009,921 B2 · Spectral content detection for equalizing interleaved data paths > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 12,009,921 B2 - Document ID: US12009921B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 17/813,828 - Filed: 2022-07-20 - Published: 2023-02-02 - Granted: 2024-06-11 - Earliest claimed: 2021-07-21 - Assignees: Marvell Asia Pte Ltd - Applicants: Marvell Asia Pte Ltd - Inventors: Ray Luan Nguyen; Dawood Alam; Nong Fan; Geoffrey Hatcher; Morteza Azarmnia - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US12009921B2 ## CPC - H04L 1/0071: {Use of interleaving (interleaving per se H03M13/27)} - H04L 25/14: Channel dividing arrangements {, i.e. in which a single bit stream is divided between several baseband channels and reassembled at the receiver} - H03M 1/0624: {by synchronisation} - H03M 1/1215: {using time-division multiplexing} - H04B 1/08: Constructional details, e.g. cabinet - H04B 1/1607: {Supply circuits (converters H02M; filters therefor H02M1/14; voltage stabilisers G05F1/46)} - H04L 25/03159: {operating in the frequency domain (H04L25/03165, H04L25/03178 take precedence)} - G06F 17/142: {Fast Fourier transforms, e.g. using a Cooley-Tukey type algorithm} - H03M 1/1028: {at two points of the transfer characteristic, i.e. by adjusting two reference values, e.g. offset and gain error (gain setting for range control H03M1/18)} - H03M 9/00: Parallel/series conversion or vice versa (digital stores in which the information is moved stepwise per se G11C19/00) - H04L: TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION (arrangements common to telegraphic and telephonic communication H04M) - H03M: CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL (using fluidic means F15C4/00; optical analogue/digital converters G02F7/00; coding, decoding or code conversion, specially adapted for particular applications, see the relevant subclasses, e.g. G01D, G01R, G06F, G06T, G09G, G10L, G11B, G11C, H04B, H04L, H04M, H04N; ciphering or deciphering for cryptography or other purposes involving the need for secrecy G09C) - H04B: TRANSMISSION - G06F: ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING (computer systems based on specific computational models G06N) ## Abstract A high-speed data receiver includes interleaver circuitry configured to divide a received data stream into a plurality of interleaved paths for processing, spectral content detection circuitry configured to derive spectral content information from data on each of the plurality of interleaved paths, sorting circuitry configured to bin the derived spectral content information according to energy levels, stream attribute determination circuitry configured to determine, based on sorted spectral content, one or more of path offsets of the interleaved paths, gain mismatch among interleaved paths, signal bandwidth mismatch and pulse width mismatch, and equalization circuitry configured to correct the one or more of the determined offsets, the determined gain mismatch and the determined signal width mismatch. Equalization circuitry may be configured to equalize a gain-normalized signal by separately adjusting respective bandwidth actuators of each respective interleaved path and respective pulse width actuators of each respective interleaved path. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A high-speed data receiver comprising: interleaver circuitry configured to divide a received data stream into a plurality of interleaved data paths for processing; spectral content detection circuitry configured to derive spectral content information from data on each of the plurality of interleaved data paths; sorting circuitry configured to bin the derived spectral content information according to energy levels; stream attribute determination circuitry configured to determine, based on sorted spectral content, one or more of path offsets of interleaved data paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths, gain mismatch among interleaved paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths, signal bandwidth mismatch and pulse width mismatch, the stream attribute determination circuitry comprising signal width mismatch detection circuitry configured to determine at least one of the signal bandwidth mismatch and the pulse width mismatch using a spectral shape function; and equalization circuitry configured to correct the one or more of the determined offsets, the determined gain mismatch and the determined signal width mismatch. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The high-speed data receiver of claim 1, wherein the stream attribute determination circuitry comprises offset determination circuitry configured to determine offsets between the interleaved paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths from mismatches at a lowest energy level. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The high-speed data receiver of claim 1, wherein the signal width mismatch determination circuitry comprises circuitry configured to independently sweep respective signal width actuators of each respective interleaved path in the plurality of interleaved data paths. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The high-speed data receiver of claim 1, wherein the stream attribute determination circuitry comprises gain mismatch determination circuitry configured to determine the gain mismatches among the interleaved paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths from mismatches at energy levels above the lowest energy level. ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) The high-speed data receiver of claim 4 wherein the gain mismatch determination circuitry comprises circuitry configured to independently sweep respective gain actuators of each respective interleaved data path in the plurality of interleaved data paths. ### Claim 6 (depends on 4) The high-speed data receiver of claim 4, wherein the equalization circuitry is configured to remove the gain mismatches by normalizing a predetermined number of lowest-energy bins to provide a gain-normalized signal. ### Claim 7 (depends on 6) The high-speed data receiver of claim 6, wherein the equalization circuitry is configured to equalize the gain-normalized signal by adjusting respective signal width actuators of each respective interleaved data path in the plurality of interleaved data paths. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) The high-speed data receiver of claim 7, wherein the equalization circuitry is configured to equalize the gain-normalized signal by separately adjusting respective bandwidth actuators of each respective interleaved data path in the plurality of interleaved paths and respective pulse width actuators of each respective interleaved data path in the plurality of interleaved data paths. ### Claim 9 (depends on 7) The high-speed data receiver of claim 7, wherein the equalization circuitry is configured to equalize the gain-normalized signal by adjusting sampling locations on each respective interleaved data path in the plurality of interleaved data paths. ### Claim 10 (depends on 9) The high-speed data receiver of claim 9, wherein the equalization circuitry is configured to equalize the gain-normalized signal by adjusting sampling locations on each respective interleaved data path in the plurality of interleaved data paths to set equal pulse widths on all interleaved paths. ### Claim 11 (depends on 6) The high-speed data receiver of claim 6, wherein the equalization circuitry is configured to equalize the gain-normalized signal by adjusting coefficients of a fitting polynomial. ### Claim 12 (depends on 1) The high-speed data receiver of claim 1 wherein the sorting circuitry comprises Fast Fourier Transform circuitry configured to derive the spectral content information from the data on each of the interleaved data paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths. ### Claim 13 A method of equalizing interleaved data paths in a plurality of interleaved data paths in a high-speed data receiver, the method comprising: deriving spectral content information from data on each interleaved data path in the plurality of interleaved data paths; sorting the derived spectral content information into bins according to energy levels; determining, based on sorted spectral content, one or more of path offsets of the interleaved data paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths, gain mismatch among the interleaved data paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths, signal bandwidth mismatch and pulse width mismatch, including at least determining mismatch in at least one of bandwidth and pulse width among the interleaved data paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths using a spectral shape function; and correcting the one or more of the determined path offsets, the determined gain mismatch and the determined signal width mismatch. ### Claim 14 (depends on 13) The method of equalizing interleaved data paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths according to claim 13, wherein determining, based on the sorted spectral content, one or more of the path offsets of the interleaved data paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths, the gain mismatch among the interleaved data paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths, the signal bandwidth mismatch and the pulse width mismatch comprises determining offsets among the interleaved data paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths from mismatches at a lowest energy level. ### Claim 15 (depends on 13) The method of equalizing interleaved data paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths according to claim 13, wherein determining mismatch in at least one of bandwidth and pulse width comprises independently sweeping respective signal width actuators of each respective interleaved data path in the plurality of interleaved data paths. ### Claim 16 (depends on 13) The method of equalizing interleaved data paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths according to claim 13, wherein determining, based on sorted spectral content, one or more of the path offsets of the interleaved data paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths, the gain mismatch among interleaved data paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths, the signal bandwidth mismatch and the pulse width mismatch comprises determining gain mismatches among the interleaved data paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths from mismatches at energy levels above the lowest energy level. ### Claim 17 (depends on 16) The method of equalizing interleaved data paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths according to claim 16, wherein determining gain mismatches comprises independently sweeping respective gain actuators of each respective interleaved data path in the plurality of interleaved data paths. ### Claim 18 (depends on 16) The method of equalizing interleaved data paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths according to claim 16, wherein correcting the determined gain mismatch comprises removing the determined gain mismatch by normalizing a predetermined number of lowest-energy bins. ### Claim 19 (depends on 18) The method of equalizing interleaved data paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths according to claim 18, wherein correcting the determined signal width mismatch comprises adjusting respective signal width actuators of each respective interleaved data path in the plurality of interleaved data paths. ### Claim 20 (depends on 19) The method of equalizing interleaved data paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths according to claim 19, wherein correcting the determined signal width mismatch comprises separately adjusting respective bandwidth actuators of each respective interleaved data path in the plurality of interleaved data paths and respective pulse width actuators of each respective interleaved data path in the plurality of interleaved data paths. ### Claim 21 (depends on 19) The method of equalizing interleaved data paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths according to claim 19, wherein correcting the determined signal width mismatch comprises adjusting sampling locations on each respective interleaved data path in the plurality of interleaved data paths. ### Claim 22 (depends on 21) The method of equalizing interleaved data paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths according to claim 21, wherein correcting the determined signal width mismatch comprises adjusting sampling locations on each respective interleaved data path in the plurality of interleaved data paths to set equal pulse widths on all interleaved data paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths. ### Claim 23 (depends on 18) The method of equalizing interleaved data paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths according to claim 18, wherein correcting the determined signal width mismatch comprises adjusting coefficients of a fitting polynomial. ### Claim 24 (depends on 13) The method of equalizing interleaved data paths in the plurality of interleaved data paths according to claim 13 wherein sorting the derived spectral content information into bins according to energy levels comprises applying a Fast Fourier Transform.