# US 12,009,839 B2 · Capacity achieving multicarrier modulation and coding systems and methods > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 12,009,839 B2 - Document ID: US12009839B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 17/810,832 - Filed: 2022-07-05 - Published: 2022-11-03 - Granted: 2024-06-11 - Earliest claimed: 2018-05-23 - Assignees: MaxLinear, Inc. - Applicants: Maxlinear, Inc. - Inventors: Rainer Strobel; Vladimir Oksman - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US12009839B2 ## CPC - H03M 13/2906: {using block codes (H03M13/2957 takes precedence)} - H04L 1/0042: {Encoding specially adapted to other signal generation operation, e.g. in order to reduce transmit distortions, jitter, or to improve signal shape (H04L1/0067 takes precedence)} - H03M 13/1102: {Codes on graphs and decoding on graphs, e.g. low-density parity check [LDPC] codes} - H03M 13/1515: {Reed-Solomon codes} - H03M 13/152: {Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem [BCH] codes} - H03M 13/253: {with concatenated codes} - H03M 13/255: {with Low Density Parity Check [LDPC] codes} - H04L 1/0041: {Arrangements at the transmitter end} - H04L 1/0047: {Decoding adapted to other signal detection operation (in conjunction with sequence estimation or equalization H04L25/03286)} - H04L 1/0057: {Block codes (H04L1/0061, H04L1/0064 take precedence)} - H04L 1/0064: {Concatenated codes} - H04L 27/36: Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits - H04L 27/38: Demodulator circuits; Receiver circuits - H04L 1/005: {Iterative decoding, including iteration between signal detection and decoding operation} - H04L 12/2801: {Broadband local area networks} - H04L 27/34: Amplitude- and phase-modulated carrier systems, e.g. quadrature-amplitude modulated carrier systems - H03M: CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL (using fluidic means F15C4/00; optical analogue/digital converters G02F7/00; coding, decoding or code conversion, specially adapted for particular applications, see the relevant subclasses, e.g. G01D, G01R, G06F, G06T, G09G, G10L, G11B, G11C, H04B, H04L, H04M, H04N; ciphering or deciphering for cryptography or other purposes involving the need for secrecy G09C) - H04L: TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION (arrangements common to telegraphic and telephonic communication H04M) ## Abstract A multi-carrier transmitter apparatus is disclosed. The apparatus includes an outer encoder, a shell mapper and an inner encoder. The outer encoder is configured to receive a signal, perform error correction using an outer code on the received signal and generate an outer encoder signal. The shell mapper is configured to perform constellation shaping on a subset of bits from the outer encoder signal and generate one or more constellation shaping bits. The inner encoder is configured to perform inner error correction/encoding using an inner code on a second subset of bits from the outer encoder signal and generate an inner correction signal. ## Claims ### Claim 1 An apparatus, comprising: an encoder configured to perform error correction using an error correction code on a received signal to generate an encoder signal; a shell mapper configured to perform shaping on the received signal over two or more groups of carriers with different constellation sizes to generate a shaped signal; and a modulator configured to generate an output signal based on the encoder signal and the shaped signal. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, the error correction code being selected from a group of forward error correction (FEC) codes. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, the shaping including at least one of probabilistic shaping or constellation shaping. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, the shaped signal including one or more constellation shaping bits. ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) The apparatus of claim 4, the error correction code including an outer code, the shaping bits being protected with the outer code. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, the error correction being performed on a subset of bits of the received signal. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the shell mapper is disabled when the constellation size is below a threshold constellation size, the modulator being configured to adaptively generate the output signal without the shaped signal when the shell mapper is disabled. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, the error correction code to protect one or more least significant bits (LSBs) of each constellation. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, the error correction code in combination with interleaving is to correct at least one of an: error bursts, or an error due to an un-protected bit. ### Claim 10 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, the shaping to be performed on fewer than all of the bits of the received signal. ### Claim 11 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the shaping is performed based on carrier blocks of the plurality of carriers using a constant or variable number of bits per carrier. ### Claim 12 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the shaping further includes referencing a look-up table based on a fixed number of bits to select a shell of a plurality of shells. ### Claim 13 (depends on 12) The apparatus of claim 12, wherein constellations are to be partitioned into the plurality of shells. ### Claim 14 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the shaping utilizes a cascade of two or more shapers to form a plurality of super groups, wherein a first shaping selects subsets of bits for each super group of the plurality of super groups and a second shaping selects shells for the selected subsets. ### Claim 15 An apparatus, comprising: a demodulation stage configured to demodulate a received signal to generate a demodulated signal, the received signal having been generated based on an encoder signal and a shaped signal; a shell demapper configured to demap at least a subset of the demodulated signal according to a carrier group to generate a demapped signal; and a decoder configured to decode the received signal using the demapped signal. ### Claim 16 (depends on 15) The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the shell demapper is configured to obtain one or more shell bits for the carrier group and search the one or more shell bits to identify matching shell bits. ### Claim 17 (depends on 15) The apparatus of claim 15, the shaped signal having been generated using at least one of probabilistic shaping or constellation shaping. ### Claim 18 A method, comprising performing error correction on a received signal using an error correction code to generate an encoder signal; performing shaping on the received signal over two or more groups of carriers with different constellation sizes to generate a shaped signal; and generating an output signal based on the encoder signal and the shaped signal. ### Claim 19 (depends on 18) The method of claim 18, wherein generating the output signal includes generating one or more modulated symbols in the output signal. ### Claim 20 (depends on 18) The method of claim 18, the error correction code in combination with interleaving is to correct at least one of an: error bursts, or an error due to an un-protected bit.