# US 12,009,494 B2 · Thermal regulatory modules useful for cooling energy packs > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 12,009,494 B2 - Document ID: US12009494B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 17/152,384 - Filed: 2021-01-19 - Published: 2022-07-21 - Granted: 2024-06-11 - Earliest claimed: 2021-01-19 - Assignees: Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute Company Limited - Applicants: Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd. - Inventors: Jing Xiang; Pau Yee Lim; Laiyong Xie - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US12009494B2 ## CPC - H01M 10/653: characterised by electrically insulating or thermally conductive materials - H01M 10/613: Cooling or keeping cold - H01M 10/655: Solid structures for heat exchange or heat conduction - H01M 10/659: by heat storage or buffering, e.g. heat capacity or liquid-solid phase changes or transition - H01M 10/643: Cylindrical cells - Y02E 60/10: Energy storage using batteries - H01M: PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY - Y02E: REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION ## Abstract Systems and methods in which a thermal conductive composite comprises a non-uniform heat absorption profile of a thermal reactive material are described. Thermal conductive composites herein may be utilized in thermal regulatory modules with a gradient structure configured to transfer heat energy away from an area near a heat source to an area with a relatively large latent heat absorbing capacity. Thermal conductive material may be provided in a frame structure having lower porosity in a first region more near a heat source and higher porosity in a second region more distant from the heat source. A thermal reactive material may be deposited so as to be disposed within the pores of the thermal conductive material frame structure wherein the density of the thermal reactive material in the first region of the thermal conductive composite is lower than that at the second region of the thermal conductive composite. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A thermal conductive composite comprising: a thermal conductive material having a plurality of pores providing a gradient porous structure having a first region of lower porosity and second region of higher porosity, wherein the porosity in the first region is within a range of 0%-50% by volume ratio and the porosity in the second region is within a range of 30%-100% by volume ratio; and a thermal reactive material disposed in the plurality of pores so that a density of the thermal reactive material in the first region of the thermal conductive composite is lower than that at the second region of the thermal conductive composite. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The thermal conductive composite of claim 1, wherein a thermal conductivity of the thermal conductive composite is higher in the first region than the thermal conductivity of the thermal conductive composite in the second region. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The thermal conductive composite of claim 1, wherein a thermal expansion coefficient of the thermal conductive material is lower than a thermal expansion coefficient of the thermal reactive material. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The thermal conductive composite of claim 1, wherein the thermal reactive material comprises an alkane, and wherein the thermal conductive material comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: aluminum oxide (Al2O3); silicon nitride (Si3N4); silicon carbide (SiC); and boron nitride (BN). ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The thermal conductive composite of claim 1, wherein a density of the thermal reactive material in the first region is within the range of 0%-50% by volume ratio and a density of the thermal reactive material in the second region is within the range of 30%-100% by volume ratio. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The thermal conductive composite of claim 1, wherein the thermal conductive material is formed into a rigid frame structure having a cavity configured for receiving a heat source and an exoskeleton portion of relatively densely packed thermal conductive material, wherein the first region is disposed more near the cavity and the second region is disposed more near the exoskeleton portion such that the gradient porous structure provides lower porosity near the cavity and higher porosity near the exoskeleton portion. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The thermal conductive composite of claim 1, wherein the thermal conductive material is configured for providing a chemical coupling interface between the thermal conductive material and the thermal reactive material. ### Claim 8 A method for forming a thermal regulatory module comprised of a thermal conductive composite, the method comprising: forming a frame structure from a thermal conductive material, wherein the thermal conductive material in the frame structure includes a plurality of pores providing a gradient porous structure having a first region of lower porosity and second region of higher porosity, and wherein the frame structure is formed from the thermal conductive material using a fabrication process selected from the group consisting of cold press-sintering, a sol-gel method, electrospinning, centrifugation, and 3D-printing; and depositing a thermal reactive material into the plurality of pores so as to form the thermal conductive composite, wherein a density of the thermal reactive material in the first region of the thermal conductive composite is lower than that at the second region of the thermal conductive composite. ### Claim 9 (depends on 8) The method of claim 8, wherein forming the frame structure provides porosity in the first region within a range of 0%-50% by volume ratio and porosity in the second region within a range of 30%-100% by volume ratio. ### Claim 10 (depends on 8) The method of claim 8, further comprising: processing the thermal conductive material of the frame structure prior to depositing the thermal reactive material for providing a chemical coupling interface between the thermal conductive material and the thermal reactive material. ### Claim 11 (depends on 10) The method of claim 10, wherein processing the thermal conductive material of the frame structure comprises: applying a surface treatment to the thermal conductive material of the frame structure to provide functionalized frame structure having hydroxylated/methoxylated/silylation surfaces; and preparing a chemical coupling enhanced frame structure from the functionalized frame structure using a silane coupling agent. ### Claim 12 (depends on 8) The method of claim 8, wherein the frame structure includes a cavity configured for receiving a heat source and an exoskeleton portion of relatively densely packed thermal conductive material, and wherein the first region is disposed more near the cavity and the second region is disposed more near the exoskeleton portion such that the gradient porous structure provides lower porosity near the cavity and higher porosity near the exoskeleton portion. ### Claim 13 (depends on 12) The method of claim 12, further comprising: machining at least a portion of the exoskeleton portion configuring the thermal regulator module for interlocking interfacing with one or more other thermal regulatory modules, wherein a plurality of interlocking thermal regulator modules form a thermal regulatory cooling block. ### Claim 14 A system comprising: a first thermal regulatory module comprised of a thermal conductive composite, wherein the thermal conductive composite includes: a thermal conductive material forming a frame structure, wherein the thermal conductive material in the frame structure includes a plurality of pores providing a gradient porous structure having a first region of lower porosity and second region of higher porosity, wherein the frame structure includes a cavity configured for receiving a heat source, and wherein the first region is disposed more near the cavity than is the second region and the second region is disposed more distant from the cavity than is the first region such that the gradient porous structure provides lower porosity near the cavity and higher porosity more distant from the cavity; and a thermal reactive material disposed in the plurality of pores so that a density of the thermal reactive material in the first region of the thermal conductive composite is lower than that at the second region of the thermal conductive composite, wherein a density of the thermal reactive material in the first region is within a range of 0%-50% by volume ratio and a density of the thermal reactive material in the second region is within a range of 30%-100% by volume ratio. ### Claim 15 (depends on 14) The system of claim 14, wherein the frame structure includes an exoskeleton portion of relatively densely packed thermal conductive material, and wherein the second region is disposed more near the exoskeleton portion than is the first region. ### Claim 16 (depends on 14) The system of claim 14, further comprising: a plurality of additional thermal regulatory modules, wherein the first thermal regulatory module is interfaced with one or more thermal regulatory modules of the plurality of additional thermal regulatory modules to form a thermal regulatory cooling block. ### Claim 17 (depends on 16) The system of claim 16, wherein the first thermal regulatory module is configured for interlocking interfacing with the one or more thermal regulatory modules. ### Claim 18 (depends on 14) The system of claim 14, wherein the thermal reactive material comprises a phase change material, and wherein a thermal expansion coefficient of the thermal conductive material is lower than a thermal expansion coefficient of the phase change material.