# US 12,008,626 B1 · Systems, methods, and devices for measuring similarity of and generating recommendations for unique items

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- Number: US 12,008,626 B1
- Document ID: US12008626B1
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B1
- Application number: 17/443,058
- Filed: 2021-07-20
- Granted: 2024-06-11
- Earliest claimed: 2013-03-07
- Assignees: Vast.Com, Inc.
- Applicants: Vast.Com, Inc.
- Inventors: Joshua Howard Levy; Lauri Janet Feldman; Andrew Philip Dove
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US12008626B1

## CPC

- G06Q 30/0631: {Recommending goods or services}
- G06N 5/04: Inference or reasoning models
- G06N 20/00: Machine learning
- G06Q: INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06N: COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS

## Abstract

The disclosure herein provides methods, systems, and devices for measuring similarity of and generating recommendations for unique items. A recommendation system for generating recommendations of alternative unique items comprises an items information database, a penalty computation engine, a recommendation compilation engine, and one or more computers, wherein the penalty computation engine comprises a customizations filter, a condition filter, and a dissimilarity penalty calculator for determine the dissimilarity of attributes of alternative unique items from a plurality of selected items.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A computer readable, non-transitory storage medium having a computer program stored thereon for causing a computer system to process by one or more processors computer-program code by performing a method for generating recommendations of alternative unique items when the computer program is executed on the computer system, the method comprising:
receiving electronic data indicating a selection of a selected unique item;
generating, using a computer system, a set of base unique items, the set of base unique items comprising the selected unique item and at least one additional unique item, wherein the selected unique item and the at least one additional unique item each comprise a plurality of attributes;
generating, using the computer system, a set of alternative unique items for comparison to the set of base unique items, the set of alternative unique items comprising a plurality of alternative unique items each comprising a plurality of attributes;
calculating, using the computer system, for each of the plurality of alternative unique items of the set of alternative unique items, a dissimilarity penalty, wherein the dissimilarity penalty is based at least partially on a magnitude of dissimilarity between an attribute value of the plurality of attributes of the alternative unique item and a plurality of attribute values of the plurality of attributes of the set of base unique items; and
generating, using the computer system, a recommendation of one or more alternative unique items, the recommendation based at least partially on a ranking of the plurality of alternative unique items using the calculated dissimilarity penalties,
wherein the computer system comprises a computer processor and electronic memory.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The computer readable, non-transitory storage medium of claim 1, wherein calculating the dissimilarity penalty comprises determining a difference between the attribute value of the plurality of attributes of the alternative unique item and a range of values between maximum and minimum values of the plurality of attributes values of the set of base unique items.

### Claim 3 (depends on 2)

The computer readable, non-transitory storage medium of claim 2, wherein calculating the dissimilarity penalty further comprises generating a minimum penalty if the attribute value of the plurality of attributes of the alternative unique item is within the range of values between maximum and minimum values of the plurality of attributes values of the set of base unique items.

### Claim 4 (depends on 2)

The computer readable, non-transitory storage medium of claim 2, wherein the attribute value of the plurality of attributes of the alternative unique item comprises a price.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The computer readable, non-transitory storage medium of claim 1, wherein the at least one additional unique item is also a selected unique item.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The computer readable, non-transitory storage medium of claim 1, wherein the selected unique item, the at least one additional unique item, and the plurality of alternative unique items each comprise one of the following types of items: used automobiles, existing homes, real estate, household goods, customized electronics, customized goods.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1)

The computer readable, non-transitory storage medium of claim 1, wherein the selected unique item comprises an item in which a user has expressed interest.

### Claim 8 (depends on 1)

The computer readable, non-transitory storage medium of claim 1, wherein the electronic data indicating a selection of a selected unique item is received from a user access point system providing a user interface to a user.

### Claim 9 (depends on 1)

The computer readable, non-transitory storage medium of claim 1, wherein the receiving electronic data indicating a selection of a selected unique item includes receiving an indication of a level of interest in the selected unique item.

### Claim 10 (depends on 1)

The computer readable, non-transitory storage medium of claim 1, wherein the recommendation is also based at least partially on a Mahalanobis distance calculation.

### Claim 11 (depends on 1)

The computer readable, non-transitory storage medium of claim 1, wherein the set of alternative unique items comprises at least 100 alternative unique items, and the generating the recommendation occurs substantially in real time.

### Claim 12 (depends on 1)

The computer readable, non-transitory storage medium of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:
calculating, using a collaborative filter, a probability score for each of the plurality of alternative unique items, the probability score representing an estimated probability that a user will be interested in the alternative unique item based on the user's preferences, and
wherein generating the recommendation further comprises combining the probability score with at least the calculated dissimilarity penalty.

### Claim 13 (depends on 1)

The computer readable, non-transitory storage medium of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:
calculating, using the computer system, for each of the plurality of alternative unique items of the set of alternative unique items, a second dissimilarity penalty, wherein the second dissimilarity penalty is based at least partially on a magnitude of dissimilarity between a second attribute value of the plurality of attributes of the alternative unique item and a plurality of attribute values of the plurality of attributes of the set of base unique items, and
wherein the recommendation is also based at least partially on a ranking of the plurality of alternative unique items using the calculated second dissimilarity penalties.

### Claim 14 (depends on 1)

The computer readable, non-transitory storage medium of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:
logging, using the computer system, interactions of users with a plurality of unique items, wherein the logging comprises electronically monitoring actions of the users interacting with one or more item listing systems presenting for sale the plurality of unique items, and wherein the logging produces data configured to be used to determine a level of interest of the users in alternative unique items.

### Claim 15

A computer-implemented method for generating recommendations of alternative unique items, the computer-implemented method comprising:
receiving electronic data indicating a selection of a selected unique item;
generating, using a computer system, a set of base unique items, the set of base unique items comprising the selected unique item and at least one additional unique item, wherein the selected unique item and the at least one additional unique item each comprise a plurality of attributes;
generating, using the computer system, a set of alternative unique items for comparison to the set of base unique items, the set of alternative unique items comprising a plurality of alternative unique items each comprising a plurality of attributes;
calculating, using the computer system, for each of the plurality of alternative unique items of the set of alternative unique items, a dissimilarity penalty, wherein the dissimilarity penalty is based at least partially on a magnitude of dissimilarity between an attribute value of the plurality of attributes of the alternative unique item and a plurality of attribute values of the plurality of attributes of the set of base unique items; and
generating, using the computer system, a recommendation of one or more alternative unique items, the recommendation based at least partially on a ranking of the plurality of alternative unique items using the calculated dissimilarity penalties,
wherein the computer system comprises a computer processor and electronic memory.

### Claim 16 (depends on 15)

The computer-implemented method of claim 15, wherein calculating the dissimilarity penalty comprises determining a difference between the attribute value of the plurality of attributes of the alternative unique item and a range of values between maximum and minimum values of the plurality of attributes values of the set of base unique items.

### Claim 17 (depends on 16)

The computer-implemented method of claim 16, wherein calculating the dissimilarity penalty further comprises generating a minimum penalty if the attribute value of the plurality of attributes of the alternative unique item is within the range of values between maximum and minimum values of the plurality of attributes values of the set of base unique items.

### Claim 18 (depends on 15)

The computer-implemented method of claim 15, wherein the selected unique item, the at least one additional unique item, and the plurality of alternative unique items each comprise one of the following types of items: used automobiles, existing homes, real estate, household goods, customized electronics, customized goods.

### Claim 19

A system for generating recommendations of alternative unique items, the system comprising:
one or more computer readable storage devices configured to store a plurality of computer executable instructions; and
one or more hardware computer processors in communication with the one or more computer readable storage devices and configured to execute the plurality of computer executable instructions in order to cause the system to:
receive electronic data indicating a selection of a selected unique item;
generate a set of base unique items, the set of base unique items comprising the selected unique item and at least one additional unique item, wherein the selected unique item and the at least one additional unique item each comprise a plurality of attributes;
generate a set of alternative unique items for comparison to the set of base unique items, the set of alternative unique items comprising a plurality of alternative unique items each comprising a plurality of attributes;
calculate, for each of the plurality of alternative unique items of the set of alternative unique items, a dissimilarity penalty, wherein the dissimilarity penalty is based at least partially on a magnitude of dissimilarity between an attribute value of the plurality of attributes of the alternative unique item and a plurality of attribute values of the plurality of attributes of the set of base unique items; and
generate a recommendation of one or more alternative unique items, the recommendation based at least partially on a ranking of the plurality of alternative unique items using the calculated dissimilarity penalties.

### Claim 20 (depends on 19)

The system of claim 19, wherein the selected unique item, the at least one additional unique item, and the plurality of alternative unique items each comprise one of the following types of items: used automobiles, existing homes, real estate, household goods, customized electronics, customized goods.