# US 12,003,102 B2 · Methods and systems for determining distribution grid hosting capacity

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- Number: US 12,003,102 B2
- Document ID: US12003102B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 16/410,782
- Filed: 2019-05-13
- Published: 2019-11-21
- Granted: 2024-06-04
- Earliest claimed: 2018-05-21
- Assignees: Commonwealth Edison Company; University of Denver
- Applicants: Commonwealth Edison Company
- Inventors: Amin Khodaei; Shay Bahramirad; Aleksi Paaso
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US12003102B2

## CPC

- H02J 3/003: {Load forecast, e.g. methods or systems for forecasting future load demand}
- H02J 3/007: Arrangements for selectively connecting one or more loads to one or more power sources or power lines
- H02J 3/381: {Dispersed generators}
- H02J 3/48: Controlling the sharing of active power
- H02J 3/50: Controlling the sharing of reactive power
- H02J 2101/24: Photovoltaics
- H02J 2101/28: Wind energy
- H02J 2103/30: Simulating, planning, modelling, reliability check or computer assisted design [CAD] of electric power networks
- Y02E 10/56: Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers
- Y02E 10/76: Power conversion electric or electronic aspects
- Y02E 60/00: Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y04S 10/50: Systems or methods supporting the power network operation or management, involving a certain degree of interaction with the load-side end user applications
- Y04S 40/20: Information technology specific aspects, e.g. CAD, simulation, modelling, system security
- H02J: ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- Y02E: REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y04S: SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS

## Abstract

Methods and systems for determining a hosting capacity in a distribution grid are disclosed herein. The methods and systems may use optimization models that consider operating conditions of a distribution grid having a distinct topology, characteristics, and predetermined performance parameters. The determination of a hosting capacity may first consider a lossless power flow model for the distribution grid, which may then be used to arrive at a maximum hosting capacity for the distribution grid. The maximum hosting capacity may be defined as the total capacity of a number of distributed generators connected to the distribution grid such that the performance parameters will be met.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A method comprising:
identifying, by a computing device, a topology of a radial distribution grid, wherein the topology of the radial distribution grid comprises a plurality of distribution buses and a plurality of distributed generators;
identifying, based on the topology, a set of performance parameters for the radial distribution grid;
determining, based on the set of performance parameters, one or more voltage magnitude deviations associated with a point of interest of the radial distribution grid and one or more distribution buses of the plurality of distribution buses and one or more phase angle deviations associated with the point of interest and the one or more distribution buses;
determining, based on the one or more voltage magnitude deviations and based on the one or more voltage phase angle deviations, real power flows and reactive power flows;
determining, based on the real power flows and the reactive power flows, a lossless power flow model for the radial distribution grid;
determining, based on the lossless power flow model, a maximum hosting capacity of the radial distribution grid;
determining, based on the maximum hosting capacity and the set of performance parameters, an optimal number of distributed generators that the radial distribution grid can host, wherein the optimal number of distributed generators is a value such that the set of performance parameters will be met; and
causing a placement of the optimal number of distributed generators at one or more locations associated with at least one distribution bus of the plurality of distribution buses.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein the radial distribution grid is connected, at a point of interest, to a substation of an upstream sub-transmission system, and wherein the point of interest is adjacent to the substation and is one of the plurality of distribution buses.

### Claim 3 (depends on 2)

The method of claim 2, wherein determining, based on the one or more voltage magnitude deviations and based on the one or more voltage phase angle deviations, the real power flows and the reactive power flows comprises:
determining a first voltage magnitude deviation between a voltage magnitude at the point of interest and a voltage magnitude at a distribution bus downstream from the point of interest;
determining a second voltage magnitude deviation between the voltage magnitude at the point of interest and a voltage magnitude at a distribution bus adjacent to the distribution bus downstream from the point of interest;
determining a first voltage phase angle deviation between a voltage phase angle at the point of interest and a voltage phase angle at the distribution bus downstream from the point of interest;
determining a second voltage phase angle deviation between the voltage phase angle at the point of interest and a voltage phase angle at the distribution bus adjacent to the distribution bus downstream from the point of interest; and
determining the real power flows and the reactive power flows based on the first voltage magnitude deviation, the second voltage magnitude deviation, the first voltage phase angle deviation, and the second voltage phase angle deviation.

### Claim 4 (depends on 3)

The method of claim 3, wherein the voltage magnitude at any given distribution bus downstream from the point of interest is defined as 1.0 p.u. plus the deviation between the voltage magnitude at the point of interest and the voltage magnitude at the given distribution bus, and wherein the voltage phase angle at any given distribution bus downstream from the point of interest is defined as 0° plus the deviation between the voltage phase angle at the point of interest and the voltage phase angle at the given distribution bus.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein determining, based on the lossless power flow model, the maximum hosting capacity of the radial distribution grid comprises:
determining a maximum hosting capacity for each of the plurality of distribution buses; and
determining an aggregate hosting capacity of the radial distribution grid, wherein the aggregate hosting capacity is a summation of the maximum hosting capacity for each of the plurality of distribution buses.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein the set of performance parameters for the radial distribution grid comprises predetermined electrical loads transmitted by distribution lines associated with the plurality of distribution buses and predetermined voltage magnitudes for the plurality of distribution buses.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein each of the distributed generators are a solar photovoltaic panel, a wind turbine, or a diesel generator.

### Claim 8 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining, based on the maximum hosting capacity, an optimal number of distributed generators for the radial distribution grid, wherein the optimal number of distributed generators is a value such that a predetermined set of performance parameters for the radial distribution grid will be met; and
determining, based on the maximum hosting capacity and the optimal number of distributed generators, optimal locations for the distributed generators, wherein the optimal locations are each located at one of the plurality of distribution buses and the optimal locations are determined such that the predetermined set of performance parameters for the radial distribution grid will be met.

### Claim 9

An apparatus comprising:
a memory having computer-executable instructions encoded thereon; and
a processor functionally coupled to the memory and configured, by the computer-executable instructions, to cause the apparatus to:
identify a topology and of a radial distribution grid, wherein the topology of the radial distribution grid comprises a plurality of distribution buses and a plurality of distributed generators;
identify, based on the topology, a set of performance parameters for the radial distribution grid;
determine, based on the set of performance parameters, one or more voltage magnitude deviations associated with a point of interest of the radial distribution grid and one or more distribution buses of the plurality of distribution buses and one or more phase angle deviations associated with the point of interest and the one or more distribution buses;
determine, based on the one or more voltage magnitude deviations and based on the one or more voltage phase angle deviations, real power flows and reactive power flows;
determine, based on the real power flows and the reactive power flows, a lossless power flow model for the radial distribution grid;
determine, based on the lossless power flow model, a maximum hosting capacity of the radial distribution grid;
determine, based on the maximum hosting capacity and the set of performance parameters, an optimal number of distributed generators that the radial distribution grid can host, wherein the optimal number of distributed generators is a value such that the set of performance parameters will be met; and
causing a placement of the optimal number of distributed generators at one or more locations associated with at least one distribution bus of the plurality of distribution buses.

### Claim 10 (depends on 9)

The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the radial distribution grid is connected, at a point of interest, to a substation of an upstream sub-transmission system, and wherein the point of interest is adjacent to the substation and is one of the plurality of distribution buses.

### Claim 11 (depends on 10)

The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the computer-executable instructions that cause the apparatus to determine, based on the one or more voltage magnitude deviations and based on the one or more voltage phase angle deviations, the real power flows and the reactive power flows, further cause the apparatus to:
determine a first voltage magnitude deviation between a voltage magnitude at the point of interest and a voltage magnitude at a distribution bus downstream from the point of interest;
determine a second voltage magnitude deviation between the voltage magnitude at the point of interest and a voltage magnitude at a distribution bus adjacent to the distribution bus downstream from the point of interest;
determine a first voltage phase angle deviation between a voltage phase angle at the point of interest and a voltage phase angle at the distribution bus downstream from the point of interest;
determine a second voltage phase angle deviation between the voltage phase angle at the point of interest and a voltage phase angle at the distribution bus adjacent to the distribution bus downstream from the point of interest; and
determine the real power flows and the reactive power flows based on the first voltage magnitude deviation, the second voltage magnitude deviation, the first voltage phase angle deviation, and the second voltage phase angle deviation.

### Claim 12 (depends on 11)

The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the voltage magnitude at any given distribution bus downstream from the point of interest is defined as 1.0 p.u. plus the deviation between the voltage magnitude at the point of interest and the voltage magnitude at the given distribution bus, and wherein the voltage phase angle at any given distribution bus downstream from the point of interest is defined as 0° plus the deviation between the voltage phase angle at the point of interest and the voltage phase angle at the given distribution bus.

### Claim 13

The apparatus of 9, wherein the computer-executable instructions that cause the apparatus to determine, based on the lossless power flow model, the maximum hosting capacity of the radial distribution grid comprise instructions to cause the apparatus to:
determine a maximum hosting capacity for each of the plurality of distribution buses; and
determine an aggregate hosting capacity of the radial distribution grid, wherein the aggregate hosting capacity is a summation of the maximum hosting capacity for each of the plurality of distribution buses.

### Claim 14 (depends on 9)

The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the set of performance parameters for the radial distribution grid comprises predetermined electrical loads transmitted by distribution lines associated with the plurality of distribution buses and predetermined voltage magnitudes for the plurality of distribution buses.

### Claim 15 (depends on 9)

The apparatus of claim 9, wherein each of the distributed generators are a solar photovoltaic panel, a wind turbine, or a diesel generator.

### Claim 16

The apparatus of 9, further comprising computer-executable instructions that cause the apparatus to:
determine, based on the maximum hosting capacity, an optimal number of distributed generators for the radial distribution grid, wherein the optimal number of distributed generators is a value such that a predetermined set of performance parameters for the radial distribution grid will be met; and
determine, based on the maximum hosting capacity and the optimal number of distributed generators, optimal locations for the distributed generators, wherein the optimal locations are each located at one of the plurality of distribution buses and the optimal locations are determined such that the predetermined set of performance parameters for the radial distribution grid will be met.

### Claim 17

A method comprising:
identifying, by a computing device, a topology of a radial distribution grid, wherein the topology of the radial distribution grid comprises a plurality of distribution buses and a plurality of distributed generators;
identifying, based on the topology, a set of performance parameters for the radial distribution grid;
determining, based on the set of performance parameters, one or more voltage magnitude deviations associated with a point of interest of the radial distribution grid and one or more distribution buses of the plurality of distribution buses and one or more phase angle deviations associated with the point of interest and the one or more distribution buses;
determining, based on the one or more voltage magnitude deviations based on the one or more voltage phase angle deviations, real power flows and reactive power flows;
determining, based on the real power flows and the reactive power flows, a lossless power flow model for the radial distribution grid;
determining, based on the lossless power flow model, a maximum hosting capacity for each of the plurality of distribution buses and an aggregate hosting capacity of the radial distribution grid, wherein the aggregate hosting capacity is a summation of the maximum hosting capacity for each of the plurality of distribution buses;
determining, based on the maximum hosting capacity and the aggregate hosting capacity, an optimal number of distributed generators that the radial distribution grid can host, wherein the optimal number of distributed generators is a value such that the set of performance parameters will be met; and
causing a placement of the optimal number of distributed generators at one or more locations associated with at least one distribution bus of the plurality of distribution buses.

### Claim 18 (depends on 17)

The method of claim 17, wherein the radial distribution grid is connected, at a point of interest, to a substation of an upstream sub-transmission system, and wherein the point of interest is adjacent to the substation and is one of the plurality of distribution buses.

### Claim 19 (depends on 18)

The method of claim 18, wherein determining, based on the one or more voltage magnitude deviations and based on the one or more voltage phase angle deviations, the real power flows and the reactive power flows comprises:
determining a first voltage magnitude deviation between a voltage magnitude at the point of interest and a voltage magnitude at a distribution bus downstream from the point of interest;
determining a second voltage magnitude deviation between the voltage magnitude at the point of interest and a voltage magnitude at a distribution bus adjacent to the distribution bus downstream from the point of interest;
determining a first voltage phase angle deviation between a voltage phase angle at the point of interest and a voltage phase angle at the distribution bus downstream from the point of interest;
determining a second voltage phase angle deviation between the voltage phase angle at the point of interest and a voltage phase angle at the distribution bus adjacent to the distribution bus downstream from the point of interest; and
determining the real power flows and the reactive power flows based on the first voltage magnitude deviation, the second voltage magnitude deviation, the first voltage phase angle deviation, and the second voltage phase angle deviation.

### Claim 20 (depends on 19)

The method of claim 19, wherein the voltage magnitude at any given distribution bus downstream from the point of interest is defined as 1.0 p.u. plus the deviation between the voltage magnitude at the point of interest and the voltage magnitude at the given distribution bus.

### Claim 21 (depends on 19)

The method of claim 19, wherein the voltage phase angle at any given distribution bus downstream from the point of interest is defined as 0° plus the deviation between the voltage phase angle at the point of interest and the voltage phase angle at the given distribution bus.

### Claim 22 (depends on 17)

The method of claim 17, wherein the set of performance parameters for the radial distribution grid comprises predetermined electrical loads transmitted by distribution lines associated with the plurality of distribution buses and predetermined voltage magnitudes for the plurality of distribution buses.

### Claim 23 (depends on 17)

The method of claim 17, wherein each of the distributed generators are a solar photovoltaic panel, a wind turbine, or a diesel generator.