# US 11,993,175 B2 · Energy management system for an electric vehicle

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- Number: US 11,993,175 B2
- Document ID: US11993175B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 17/387,449
- Filed: 2021-07-28
- Published: 2023-02-02
- Granted: 2024-05-28
- Earliest claimed: 2021-07-28
- Assignees: GM Global Technology Operations LLC
- Applicants: GM Global Technology Operations LLC
- Inventors: Yue-Yun Wang; Garrett M. Seeman; Alfred Zhang
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US11993175B2

## CPC

- B60L 3/0046: {relating to electric energy storage systems, e.g. batteries or capacitors}
- B60L 58/20: having different nominal voltages
- B60L 58/12: responding to state of charge [SoC]
- B60L 58/21: having the same nominal voltage
- H01M 10/4207: {for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially}
- H01M 10/425: {Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing (printed circuits H05K1/00)}
- H01M 10/482: {for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially}
- B60L 2240/12: Speed
- H01M 2010/4271: {Battery management systems including electronic circuits, e.g. control of current or voltage to keep battery in healthy state, cell balancing}
- H01M 2220/20: Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
- Y02T 10/70: Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
- B60L: PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES (arrangements or mounting of electrical propulsion units or of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion in vehicles B60K1/00, B60K6/20; arrangements or mounting of electrical gearing in vehicles B60K17/12, B60K17/14; preventing wheel slip by reducing power in rail vehicles B61C15/08; dynamo-electric machines H02K; control or regulation of electric motors H02P); SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES (electric coupling devices combined with mechanical couplings of vehicles B60D1/64; electric heating for vehicles B60H1/00); ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL (control or regulation of electric motors H02P); MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- H01M: PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- Y02T: CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION

## Abstract

A supervisory computer is used with an energy management system of an electric vehicle. The energy management system includes a battery system having a plurality of battery subsystems. One of the battery subsystems is an abnormal battery subsystem while the remaining battery subsystems are normal battery subsystems. The supervisory computer includes at least one processor and at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium. The processor monitors the remaining state of charge, capacity, and resistance of the battery system and monitor the remaining state of charge and capacity of the abnormal battery subsystem, calculate a low integration bound value, calculate a remaining energy value for all of the normal battery subsystems with respect to the low integration value, calculate a remaining energy value for the abnormal battery subsystem, and summate the remaining energy values of the normal and abnormal battery subsystems to determine a global remaining energy value for the battery system.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A supervisory computer for an energy management system of an electric vehicle, with the energy management system comprising a battery system configured to power the electric vehicle and comprised of a plurality of battery subsystems, with one of the battery subsystems further defined as an abnormal battery subsystem and with the remaining battery subsystems further defined as normal battery subsystems, the supervisory computer comprising:
at least one processor; and
at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium including instructions such that the processor is programmed to:
monitor a remaining state of charge, a capacity, and a resistance of the battery system;
monitor a remaining state of charge and a capacity of the abnormal battery subsystem;
calculate a low integration bound value from the remaining state of charge and capacity of the battery system and from the remaining state of charge and the capacity of the abnormal battery subsystem;
calculate a remaining energy value for all of the normal battery subsystems with respect to the low integration value;
calculate a remaining energy value for the abnormal battery subsystem;
summate the remaining energy values of the normal battery subsystems and the abnormal battery subsystem to determine a global remaining energy value for the battery system;
calculate an actual energy consumption rate value of the electric vehicle based on at least one vehicle consumption rate variable;
calculate a remaining travel range value based on the global remaining energy communicate with a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) network to ascertain a location of the electric vehicle and a destination;
calculate a travel distance value from a route between the location of the electric vehicle and the destination;
compare the remaining travel range value to the travel distance value;
determine if the electric vehicle will reach the destination;
calculate a maximum energy consumption rate value based upon the travel distance value; and
adjust the vehicle consumption rate variable to lower the actual energy consumption rate value to be less than or equal to the maximum energy consumption rate value if the remaining travel range value is less than the travel distance value.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The supervisory computer of claim 1 wherein the processor being programmed to calculate the low integration bound value from the remaining state of charge and capacity of the battery system and from the remaining state of charge and the capacity of the abnormal battery subsystem is further defined as the processor being programmed to calculate the low integration bound value according to:
a
=
SOC
r
⁢
e
⁢
m
+
SOC
ab
⁢
1
⁢
‐
⁢
rem
⁢
Cap
ab
⁢
1
Cap
wherein a is the low integration bound value;
wherein SOCrem is the remaining state of charge of the battery system;
wherein Cap is the capacity of the battery system;
wherein SOCab1-rem is the remaining state of charge of the abnormal battery subsystem; and
wherein Capab1 is the capacity of the abnormal battery subsystem.

### Claim 3 (depends on 2)

The supervisory computer of claim 2 wherein the processor being programmed to calculate the remaining energy value for all of the normal battery subsystems with respect to the low integration value is further defined as the processor being programmed to calculate the remaining energy value for all of the normal battery subsystems according to:
ΔEnorm=(nnormal)[∫aSOCrem(Voc−Vpolar)dSOC]Cap
wherein ΔEnorm is the remaining energy value for all of the normal battery subsystems;
wherein nnormal is the number of normal battery subsystems;
wherein Voc is the open circuit voltage of one of the normal battery subsystems; and
wherein Vpolar is the polar voltage of one of the normal battery subsystems, according to the resistance of one of the normal battery subsystems.

### Claim 4 (depends on 2)

The supervisory computer of claim 2 wherein the processor being programmed to calculate the remaining energy value for the abnormal battery subsystem is further defined as the processor being programmed to calculate the remaining energy value for the abnormal battery subsystem according to:
ΔEab=[∫0SOCab1-rem(Voc−Vpolar)dSOC]Capab1
wherein ΔEab is the remaining energy value for the abnormal battery subsystem.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The supervisory computer of claim 1, wherein the abnormal battery subsystem is chemically different from the normal battery subsystem.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The supervisory computer of claim 1, wherein the vehicle consumption rate variable is a velocity of the electric vehicle.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1)

The supervisory computer of claim 1, wherein the abnormal battery subsystem holds a lower charge than the normal battery subsystem.

### Claim 8 (depends on 1)

The supervisory computer of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of abnormal battery subsystems, and wherein the processor is further programmed to calculate the remaining energy value for a weakest of the plurality of abnormal battery subsystems.

### Claim 9

An energy management system for an electric vehicle, the system comprising:
a battery system configured to power the electric vehicle and comprised of a plurality of battery subsystems, with one of the battery subsystems further defined as an abnormal battery subsystem and with the remaining battery subsystems further defined as normal battery subsystems; and
a supervisory computer comprising:
at least one processor; and
at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium including instructions such that the processor is programmed to:
monitor a remaining state of charge, a capacity, and a resistance of the battery system;
monitor a remaining state of charge and a capacity of the abnormal battery subsystem;
calculate a low integration bound value from the remaining state of charge and capacity of the battery system and from the remaining state of charge and the capacity of the abnormal battery subsystem;
calculate a remaining energy value for all of the normal battery subsystems with respect to the low integration value;
calculate a remaining energy value for the abnormal battery subsystem;
summate the remaining energy values of the normal battery subsystems and the abnormal battery subsystem to determine a global remaining energy value for the battery system;
calculate an actual energy consumption rate value of the electric vehicle based on at least one vehicle consumption rate variable;
calculate a remaining travel range value based on the global remaining energy communicate with a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) network to ascertain a location of the electric vehicle and a destination;
calculate a travel distance value from a route between the location of the electric vehicle and the destination;
compare the remaining travel range value to the travel distance value;
determine if the electric vehicle will reach the destination;
calculate a maximum energy consumption rate value based upon the travel distance value; and
adjust the vehicle consumption rate variable to lower the actual energy consumption rate value to be less than or equal to the maximum energy consumption rate value if the remaining travel range value is less than the travel distance value.

### Claim 10 (depends on 9)

The energy management system of claim 9 further comprising a navigation interface configured to provide navigation instructions to an operator of the electric vehicle, with the processor of the supervisory computer further programmed to:
construct the navigation instructions from the route between the location of the electric vehicle and the destination; and
transmit the navigation instructions to the navigation interface for dissemination to the operator.

### Claim 11 (depends on 9)

The energy management system of claim 9 further comprising a plurality of abnormal battery subsystems, and wherein the processor is further programmed to calculate the remaining energy value for a weakest of the plurality of abnormal battery subsystems.

### Claim 12 (depends on 9)

The energy management system of claim 9, wherein the abnormal battery subsystem holds a lower charge than the normal battery subsystem.

### Claim 13

A method of operating a supervisory computer for an energy management system of an electric vehicle, with the energy management system comprising a battery system configured to power the electric vehicle and comprised of a plurality of battery subsystems, with one of the battery subsystems further defined as an abnormal battery subsystem and with the remaining battery subsystems further defined as normal battery subsystems, and with the supervisory computer comprising at least one processor and at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium, the method comprising:
monitoring a remaining state of charge, a capacity, and a resistance of the battery system;
monitoring a remaining state of charge and a capacity of the abnormal battery subsystem;
calculating a low integration bound value from the remaining state of charge and capacity of the battery system and from the remaining state of charge and the capacity of the abnormal battery subsystem;
calculating a remaining energy value for all of the normal battery subsystems with respect to the low integration value;
calculating a remaining energy value for the abnormal battery subsystem;
summating the remaining energy values of the normal battery subsystems and the abnormal battery subsystem to determine a global remaining energy value for the battery system;
calculating an actual energy consumption rate value of the electric vehicle based on at least one vehicle consumption rate variable;
calculating a remaining travel range value based on the global remaining energy value and the actual energy consumption rate value;
communicating with a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) network to ascertain a location of the electric vehicle and a destination;
calculating a travel distance value from a route between the location of the electric vehicle and the destination;
comparing the remaining travel range value to the travel distance value;
determining if the electric vehicle will reach the destination;
calculating a maximum energy consumption rate value based upon the travel distance value; and
adjusting the vehicle consumption rate variable to lower the actual energy consumption rate value to be less than or equal to the maximum energy consumption rate value if the remaining travel range value is less than the travel distance value.

### Claim 14 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13, wherein the vehicle consumption rate variable is a velocity of the electric vehicle, and wherein adjusting the vehicle consumption rate variable is further defined as lowering the velocity of the electric vehicle to lower the actual energy consumption rate value to be less than or equal to the maximum energy consumption rate value if the remaining travel range value is less than the travel distance value.

### Claim 15 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13, wherein the energy management system further comprises a navigation interface configured to provide navigation instructions to an operator of the electric vehicle, with the method further comprising:
constructing the navigation instructions from the route between the location of the electric vehicle and the destination; and
transmitting the navigation instructions to the navigation interface for dissemination to the operator.

### Claim 16 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13, wherein calculating the low integration bound value from the remaining state of charge and capacity of the battery system and from the remaining state of charge and the capacity of the abnormal battery subsystem is further defined as calculating the low integration bound value according to:
a
=
SOC
r
⁢
e
⁢
m
+
SOC
ab
⁢
1
⁢
‐
⁢
rem
⁢
Cap
ab
⁢
1
Cap
wherein a is the low integration bound value;
wherein SOCrem is the remaining state of charge of the battery system;
wherein Cap is the capacity of the battery system;
wherein SOCab1-rem is the remaining state of charge of the abnormal battery subsystem; and
wherein Capab1 is the capacity of the abnormal battery subsystem.

### Claim 17 (depends on 16)

The method of claim 16, wherein calculating the remaining energy value for all of the normal battery subsystems with respect to the low integration value is further defined as calculating the remaining energy value for all of the normal battery subsystems according to:
ΔEnorm=(nnormal)[∫aSOCrem(Voc−Vpolar)dSOC]Cap
wherein ΔEnorm is the remaining energy value for all of the normal battery subsystems;
wherein nnormal is the number of normal battery subsystems;
wherein Voc is the open circuit voltage of one of the normal battery subsystems; and
wherein Vpolar is the polar voltage of one of the normal battery subsystems, according to the resistance of one of the normal battery subsystems.

### Claim 18 (depends on 17)

The method of claim 17, wherein calculating the remaining energy value for the abnormal battery subsystem is further defined as calculating the remaining energy value for the abnormal battery subsystem according to:
ΔEab=[∫0SOCab1-rem(Voc−Vpolar)dSOC]Capab1
wherein ΔEab is the remaining energy value for the abnormal battery subsystem.

### Claim 19 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13, wherein the abnormal battery subsystem is chemically different from the normal battery subsystem.

### Claim 20 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13, wherein the abnormal battery subsystem holds a lower charge than the normal battery subsystem.