Aqueous polysulfide-based electrochemical cell

A power module, comprising:

• a stack of electrochemical cells, the electrochemical cells each comprising:
• a catholyte contacting a cathode, the catholyte comprising a cathode active material dissolved in an electrolyte, wherein a cathode active material species is reversibly formed at the cathode during charging and discharging of the electrochemical cell;
• an anolyte comprising a polysulfide compound dissolved in an electrolyte;
• and
• a separator configured to electrically insulate the anolyte from the catholyte, wherein the separator comprises:
• an ion impermeable frame;
• and
• at least one window disposed within the frame, wherein the at least one window comprises an anion exchange membrane material.

A bulk energy storage system, comprising:

• at least one battery comprising a stack of electrochemical cells, each electrochemical cell comprising:
• a catholyte contacting a cathode, the catholyte comprising a cathode active material dissolved in an electrolyte, wherein a cathode active material species is reversibly formed at the cathode during charging and discharging of the electrochemical cell;
• an anolyte comprising a polysulfide compound dissolved in an electrolyte;
• and
• a separator configured to electrically insulate the anolyte from the catholyte, wherein the separator comprises:
• an ion impermeable frame;
• and
• at least one window disposed within the frame, wherein the at least one window comprises an anion exchange membrane material.