Motion-generating particles for desulfation of lead-acid batteries

A lead-acid battery comprising:

• a battery casing comprising and enclosing two or more cell compartments, the two or more cell compartments defined by one or more integrated walled partitions disposed within the battery casing, each cell compartment comprising
• one or more electroactive plates;
• an electrolyte disposed surrounding the one or more electroactive plates;
• and
• a plurality of particles disposed with the electrolyte within the battery casing, at least a portion of the plurality of particles having a horseshoe shape and each particle of the plurality of particles comprising a shell of ferromagnetic material at least partially disposed around a core comprising a polymeric foam;
• one or more first electromagnets fully encased in one or more surfaces of the battery casing;
• and
• one or more second electromagnets fully encased in the one or more integrated walled partitions, the one or more first electromagnets and the one or more second electromagnets each being configured to direct a magnetic field towards the electrolyte to selectively cause movement of the plurality of particles in the direction of the magnetic field so as to agitate the electrolyte.