# US 11,909,852 B1 · Frequency and gain calibration for time synchronization in a network

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- Number: US 11,909,852 B1
- Document ID: US11909852B1
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B1
- Application number: 18/113,542
- Filed: 2023-02-23
- Granted: 2024-02-20
- Earliest claimed: 2018-09-28
- Assignees: ZaiNar, Inc.
- Applicants: ZaiNar, Inc.
- Inventors: Philip A. Kratz; Daniel M. Jacker; Mainak Chowdhury; Alexander Hooshmand
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US11909852B1

## CPC

- H04J 3/0664: {unidirectional timestamps}
- H04L 7/0012: {by comparing receiver clock with transmitter clock}
- H04B 17/11: for calibration
- H04B 17/21: for calibration; for correcting measurements
- H04J 3/0667: {Bidirectional timestamps, e.g. NTP or PTP for compensation of clock drift and for compensation of propagation delays (arrangements for monitoring round trip delays in packet switching networks H04L43/0864)}
- H04J: MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION (transmission in general H04B; peculiar to transmission of digital information H04L5/00; systems for the simultaneous or sequential transmission of more than one television signal H04N7/08; in exchanges H04Q11/00; stereophonic systems H04S)
- H04L: TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION (arrangements common to telegraphic and telephonic communication H04M)
- H04B: TRANSMISSION

## Abstract

A method includes, at a first node: transmitting a first calibration signal at a first time-of-departure measured by the first node; and transmitting a second calibration signal at a second time-of-departure measured by the first node. The method also includes, at a second node: receiving the first calibration signal at a first time-of-arrival measured by the second node; and receiving the second calibration signal at a second time-of-arrival measured by the second node. The method further includes: defining a first calibration point and a second calibration point in a set of calibration points, each calibration point comprising a time-of-departure and a time-of-arrival of each calibration signal; calculating a regression on the set of calibration points; and calculating a frequency offset between the first node and the second node based on the first regression.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A transceiver comprising:
a first clock; and
a processor configured to:
transmit a first calibration signal at a first time-of-departure measured by the first clock; and
transmit a second calibration signal at a second time-of-departure measured by the first clock;
access a first time-of-arrival of the first calibration signal received at a second transceiver, the first time-of-arrival measured by a second clock of the second transceiver;
access a second time-of-arrival of the second calibration signal received at the second transceiver, the second time-of-arrival measured by the second clock; and
calculate a first frequency offset between the first clock and the second clock based on the first time-of-departure, the first time-of-arrival, the second time-of-departure, and the second time-of-arrival.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The transceiver of claim 1,
wherein the processor is configured to transmit the second calibration signal at the second time-of-departure measured by the first clock by:
transmitting the second calibration signal at the second time-of-departure measured by the first clock and succeeding transmission of the first calibration signal by an initial signal interval;
wherein the processor is further configured to:
define a first calibration point, in a first set of calibration points, the first calibration point representing the first time-of-departure and the first time-of-arrival; and
define a second calibration point, in the first set of calibration points, the second calibration point representing the second time-of-departure and the second time-of-arrival; and
wherein the processor is further configured to calculate the first frequency offset between the first clock and the second clock by:
calculating the first frequency offset between the first clock and the second clock based on the first set of calibration points.

### Claim 3 (depends on 2)

The transceiver of claim 2, wherein the processor is further configured to:
transmit a third calibration signal at a third time-of-departure measured by the first clock and succeeding transmission of the first calibration signal by an initial calibration period;
access a third time-of-arrival of the third calibration signal received at the second transceiver measured by the second clock; and
define a final calibration point of the first set of calibration points, the final calibration point of the first set of calibration points comprising the third time-of-departure and the third time-of-arrival.

### Claim 4 (depends on 2)

The transceiver of claim 2, wherein the processor is further configured to:
access a first set of clock characteristics of the first clock;
access a second set of clock characteristics of the second clock; and
calculate the initial signal interval based on the first set of clock characteristics and the second set of clock characteristics.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The transceiver of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to calculate the first frequency offset between the first clock and the second clock by:
calculating a first regression based on the first time-of-departure, the first time-of-arrival, the second time-of-departure, and the second time-of-arrival; and
calculating a slope of the first regression and solving for c1−c2 in: β=1+c1−c2, wherein β represents the slope of the first regression, wherein c1 represents a first nominal frequency offset of the first clock from a nominal frequency, and wherein c2 represents a second nominal frequency offset of the second clock from the nominal frequency.

### Claim 6 (depends on 5)

The transceiver of claim 5, wherein the processor is further configured to:
calculate a residual of the first regression;
calculate an adjusted signal interval based on the residual of the first regression;
transmit a third calibration signal at a third time-of-departure measured by the first clock;
transmit a fourth calibration signal at a fourth time-of-departure measured by the first clock and succeeding transmission of the third calibration signal by the adjusted signal interval;
access a third time-of-arrival of the third calibration signal received at the second transceiver, the third time-of-arrival measured by the second clock adjusted by the first frequency offset;
access a fourth time-of-arrival of the fourth calibration signal received at the second transceiver, the fourth time-of-arrival measured by the second clock adjusted by the first frequency offset; and
calculate a second frequency offset between the first clock and the second clock based on the third time-of-departure, the third time-of-arrival, the fourth time-of-departure, and the fourth time-of-arrival.

### Claim 7 (depends on 6)

The transceiver of claim 6, wherein the processor is further configured to calculate the adjusted signal interval based on the residual of the first regression by:
calculating an outlier probability based on the residual of the first regression;
calculating a quantity of calibration signals for an adjusted calibration period based on a target accuracy and the outlier probability; and
dividing the adjusted calibration period by the quantity of calibration signals to calculate the adjusted signal interval.

### Claim 8 (depends on 7)

The transceiver of claim 7, wherein the processor is further configured to:
calculate a timestamping noise of the second clock relative to the first clock based on the residual of the first regression;
calculate the adjusted calibration period based on a target precision and the timestamping noise;
transmit a fifth calibration signal at a fifth time-of-departure measured by the first clock and succeeding transmission of the fourth calibration signal by the adjusted calibration period;
receive access a fifth time-of-arrival of the fifth calibration signal received at the second transceiver measured by the second clock adjusted by the first frequency offset;
define a third calibration point in a second set of calibration points, the third calibration point representing the third time-of-departure and the third time-of-arrival;
define a fourth calibration point in the second set of calibration points, the fourth calibration point representing the fourth time-of-departure and the fourth time-of-arrival;
define a fifth calibration point in the second set of calibration points, the fifth calibration point of the second set of calibration points comprising the fifth time-of-departure and the fifth time-of-arrival; and
calculate the second frequency offset between the first clock and the second clock by calculating the second frequency offset between the first clock and the second clock based on the second set of calibration points.

### Claim 9 (depends on 8)

The transceiver of claim 8, wherein the processor is further configured to calculate the adjusted calibration period by solving for mmax−mmin in: mmax-mmin>Δmax/δ, wherein Δmax represents the timestamping noise, wherein δ represents the target precision, and wherein mmax−mmin represents the adjusted calibration period.

### Claim 10 (depends on 1)

The transceiver of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to, in response to detecting a change in temperature at the transceiver:
transmit a third calibration signal at a third time-of-departure measured by the first clock;
transmit a fourth calibration signal at a fourth time-of-departure measured by the first clock;
access a third time-of-arrival of the third calibration signal received at the second transceiver, the third time-of-arrival measured by the second clock adjusted by the first frequency offset;
access a fourth time-of-arrival of the fourth calibration signal received at the second transceiver, the fourth time-of-arrival measured by the second clock adjusted by the first frequency offset; and
calculate a second frequency offset between the first clock and the second clock based on the third time-of-departure, the fourth time-of-departure, the third time-of-arrival, and the fourth time-of-arrival.

### Claim 11 (depends on 1)

The transceiver of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to, in response to detecting motion at the transceiver:
transmit a third calibration signal at a third time-of-departure measured by the first clock;
transmit a fourth calibration signal at a fourth time-of-departure measured by the first clock;
access a third time-of-arrival of the third calibration signal received at the second transceiver, the third time-of-arrival measured by the second clock adjusted by the first frequency offset;
access a fourth time-of-arrival of the fourth calibration signal received at the second transceiver, the fourth time-of-arrival measured by the second clock adjusted by the first frequency offset; and
calculate a second frequency offset between the first clock and the second clock based on the third time-of-departure, the fourth time-of-departure, the third time-of-arrival, and the fourth time-of-arrival.

### Claim 12 (depends on 1)

The transceiver of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:
transmit the first calibration signal at the first time-of-departure measured by the first clock by transmitting the first calibration signal at a first phase-of-departure measured by the first clock, the first phase-of-departure equal to 2πfcT1,1 mod 2π, wherein:
T1,1 represents the first time-of-departure; and
fc represents a carrier frequency of the first calibration signal;
transmit the second calibration signal at the second time-of-departure measured by the first clock by transmitting the second calibration signal at a second phase-of-departure measured by the first clock, the second phase-of-departure equal to 2πfcT2,1 mod 2π, wherein T2,1 represents the second time-of-departure;
access the first time-of-arrival of the first calibration signal received at the second transceiver accessing a first phase-of-arrival of the first calibration signal received at the second transceiver, the first phase-of-arrival measured by the second clock and equal to 2πfcT1,2 mod 2π, wherein T1,2 represents the first phase-time-of-arrival; and
access the second time-of-arrival of the second calibration signal received at the second transceiver by accessing a second phase-of-arrival of the second calibration signal received at the second transceiver, the second phase-of-arrival measured by the second clock and equal to 2πfcT2,2 mod 2π, wherein T2,2 represents the second phase-time-of-arrival.

### Claim 13 (depends on 12)

The transceiver of claim 12, wherein the processor is further configured to:
for each carrier frequency, fc, in a range of carrier frequencies, calculate the first phase-of-departure, the second phase-of-departure, the first phase-of-arrival, and the second phase-of-arrival;
define a first calibration point, in a first set of calibration points, the first calibration point representing the first phase-of-departure and the first phase-of-arrival for each carrier frequency, fc, in the range of carrier frequencies;
define a second calibration point, in the first set of calibration points, the second calibration point representing the second phase-of-departure and the second phase-of-arrival; and
calculate the first frequency offset between the first clock and the second clock by calculating the first frequency offset between the first clock and the second clock based on the first set of calibration points for each carrier frequency, fc, in the range of carrier frequencies.

### Claim 14 (depends on 1)

The transceiver of claim 1, wherein the first clock comprises a crystal oscillator clock.

### Claim 15 (depends on 1)

The transceiver of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to compensate the first clock by the first frequency offset.

### Claim 16

A method comprising:
scheduling transmission, from a first transceiver, of a first calibration signal at a first time-of-departure measured by a first clock of the first transceiver;
scheduling transmission, from the first transceiver, of a second calibration signal at a second time-of-departure measured by the first clock and succeeding transmission of the first calibration signal by an initial signal interval;
receiving, from a second transceiver, a first time-of-arrival measured by a second clock of the second transceiver, the first time-of-arrival corresponding to reception of the first calibration signal at the second transceiver;
receiving, from the second transceiver, a second time-of-arrival measured by the second clock, the second time-of-arrival corresponding to reception of the second calibration signal at the second transceiver; and
calculating a first frequency offset between the first clock and the second clock based on the first time-of-departure, the first time-of-arrival, the second time-of-departure and the second time-of-arrival.

### Claim 17 (depends on 16)

The method of claim 16:
wherein scheduling transmission, from the first transceiver, of the first calibration signal at the first time-of-departure comprises scheduling transmission, from the first transceiver, of the first calibration signal at the first time-of-departure during a transmission slot at the first transceiver; and
wherein scheduling transmission, from the first transceiver, of the second calibration signal at the second time-of-departure comprises scheduling transmission, from the first transceiver, of the second calibration signal at the second time-of-departure during the transmission slot at the first transceiver; and
further comprising, scheduling, at the second transceiver, a reception slot spanning the transmission slot at the first transceiver.

### Claim 18 (depends on 16)

The method of claim 16, further comprising:
receiving, from a third transceiver, a third time-of-arrival measured by a third clock of the third transceiver, the third time-of-arrival corresponding to reception of the first calibration signal at the third transceiver;
receiving, from the third transceiver, a fourth time-of-arrival measured by the third clock, the fourth time-of-arrival corresponding to reception of the second calibration signal at the third transceiver;
defining a third calibration point in a second set of calibration points, the third calibration point representing the first time-of-departure and the third time-of-arrival;
defining a fourth calibration point in the second set of calibration points, the fourth calibration point representing the second time-of-departure and the fourth time-of-arrival; and
calculating a second frequency offset between the first clock and the third clock based on the second set of calibration points.

### Claim 19 (depends on 16)

The method of claim 16, further comprising:
scheduling a time synchronization slot for the first transceiver and the second transceiver between the first time-of-departure and the second time-of-departure;
scheduling transmission, from the first transceiver, of a first synchronization signal during the time synchronization slot;
receiving, from the first transceiver, a third time-of-arrival measured by the first clock, the third time-of-arrival corresponding to reception, at the first transceiver, of a first self-receive signal generated by the first transceiver as a first back-coupled reflection of the first synchronization signal;
receiving, from the first transceiver, a fourth time-of-arrival measured by the first clock, the fourth time-of-arrival corresponding to reception, at the first transceiver, of a second synchronization signal transmitted by the second transceiver;
scheduling transmission, from the second transceiver, of the second synchronization signal during the time synchronization slot;
receiving, from the second transceiver, a fifth time-of-arrival measured by the second clock, the fifth time-of-arrival corresponding to reception, at the second transceiver, of a second self-receive signal generated by the second transceiver as a second back-coupled reflection of the second synchronization signal;
receiving, from the second transceiver, a sixth time-of-arrival measured by the second clock, the sixth time-of-arrival corresponding to reception, at the second transceiver, of the first synchronization signal transmitted by the first transceiver; and
calculating a time bias and a propagation delay between the first clock and the second clock based on the third time-of-arrival, the fourth time-of-arrival, the fifth time-of-arrival, and the sixth time-of-arrival.

### Claim 20 (depends on 16)

The method of claim 16, further comprising scheduling a data transfer slot for the first transceiver, the data transfer slot characterized by a slot duration less than the initial signal interval by at least a duration of the first calibration signal.