# US 11,909,568 B2 · Techniques for communicating multi-level signals > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 11,909,568 B2 - Document ID: US11909568B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 17/840,525 - Filed: 2022-06-14 - Published: 2022-11-17 - Granted: 2024-02-20 - Earliest claimed: 2021-05-17 - Assignees: Micron Technology, Inc. - Applicants: Micron Technology, Inc. - Inventors: Peter Mayer; Nobuyuki Umeda; Casto Salobrena Garcia; Rethin Raj; Andreas Schneider - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US11909568B2 ## CPC - H03K 5/08: by limiting; by thresholding; by slicing, i.e. combined limiting and thresholding (H03K5/07 takes precedence; comparing one pulse with another H03K5/22; providing a determined threshold for switching H03K17/30) - H04L 25/4919: {using balanced multilevel codes (H04L25/4927 takes precedence)} - H03K 7/02: Amplitude modulation, i.e. PAM - H04L 25/03878: {Line equalisers; line build-out devices} - H04B 10/40: Transceivers - H03K: PULSE TECHNIQUE (measuring pulse characteristics G01R; modulating sinusoidal oscillations with pulses H03C; transmission of digital information H04L; discriminator circuits detecting phase difference between two signals by counting or integrating cycles of oscillation H03D3/04; automatic control, starting, synchronisation or stabilisation of generators of electronic oscillations or pulses where the type of generator is irrelevant or unspecified H03L; coding, decoding or code conversion, in general H03M) - H04L: TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION (arrangements common to telegraphic and telephonic communication H04M) - H04B: TRANSMISSION ## Abstract Methods, systems, and devices for techniques for communicating multi-level signals are described. A first device may be configured to communicate signals with a second device according to a modulation scheme. The first device may transmit a first signal to the second device at a first voltage level of the modulation scheme corresponding to a first multi-bit value. The first device may select a second voltage level of the modulation scheme based on a difference between the first voltage level and a third voltage level of the PAM scheme, and may transmit a second signal to the second device at the second voltage level to indicate a second multi-bit value corresponding to the third voltage level. The second device may decode the second signal to determine the second multi-bit value based on receiving the first signal at the first voltage level and the second signal at the second voltage level. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A method, comprising: transmitting, from a first device to a second device, a first signal at a first symbol level of a modulation scheme comprising three or more symbol levels, the first symbol level corresponding to a first multi-bit value; and transmitting, from the first device to the second device based at least in part on transmitting the first signal at the first symbol level, a second signal at a second symbol level of the modulation scheme based at least in part on a first voltage difference between the first symbol level and a third symbol level of the modulation scheme satisfying a threshold, the second symbol level indicating a second multi-bit value corresponding to the third symbol level. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein transmitting the second signal at the second symbol level indicates for the second device to determine the second multi-bit value based at least in part on the first symbol level. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the second signal is transmitted at the second symbol level as a next signal after transmitting the first signal at the first symbol level. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising: transmitting, from the first device to the second device, a third signal at a fourth symbol level of the modulation scheme, the fourth symbol level corresponding to a third multi-bit value; and transmitting, from the first device to the second device, a fourth signal at the second symbol level of the modulation scheme based at least in part on a second voltage difference between the fourth symbol level and a fifth symbol level of the modulation scheme satisfying a second threshold, the second symbol level indicating a fourth multi-bit value corresponding to the fifth symbol level based at least in part on transmitting the third signal at the fourth symbol level. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the first symbol level is greater than the second symbol level and the third symbol level is less than the second symbol level. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the first symbol level is less than the second symbol level and the third symbol level is greater than the second symbol level. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising: transmitting, from the first device to the second device, a third signal at the second symbol level, the third signal indicating the second multi-bit value based at least in part on the second signal indicating the second multi-bit value and the third signal being a next signal after transmitting the second signal. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the modulation scheme is a pulse-amplitude-modulation (PAM) scheme. ### Claim 9 A method, comprising: receiving, at a first device from a second device, a first signal at a first symbol level of a modulation scheme comprising three or more symbol levels, the first symbol level corresponding to a first multi-bit value; receiving, at the first device from the second device, a second signal at a second symbol level of the modulation scheme, the second symbol level indicating a second multi-bit value that corresponds to a third symbol level of the modulation scheme based at least in part on receiving the first signal at the first symbol level; and decoding, at the first device, the second signal to determine the second multi-bit value based at least in part on receiving the first signal at the first symbol level and the second signal at the second symbol level, the second symbol level being between the first symbol level and the third symbol level. ### Claim 10 (depends on 9) The method of claim 9, wherein receiving the second signal at the second symbol level indicates for the first device to decode the second signal based at least in part on the first symbol level. ### Claim 11 (depends on 9) The method of claim 9, wherein the second signal is received at the second symbol level as a next signal after receiving the first signal at the first symbol level. ### Claim 12 (depends on 9) The method of claim 9, further comprising: receiving, at the first device from the second device, a third signal at a fourth symbol level of the modulation scheme, the fourth symbol level corresponding to a third multi-bit value; receiving, at the first device from the second device, a fourth signal at the second symbol level, the second symbol level indicating a fourth multi-bit value that corresponds to a fifth symbol level of the modulation scheme based at least in part on receiving the third signal at the fourth symbol level; and decoding, at the first device, the fourth signal to determine the fourth multi-bit value based at least in part on receiving the third signal at the fourth symbol level and the fourth signal at the second symbol level, the second symbol level being between the fourth symbol level and the fifth symbol level. ### Claim 13 (depends on 9) The method of claim 9, further comprising: receiving, at the first device from the second device, a third signal at the second symbol level, the third signal indicating the second multi-bit value based at least in part on the second signal indicating the second multi-bit value and the third signal being a next signal after transmitting the second signal; and decoding, at the first device, the third signal to determine the second multi-bit value based at least in part on receiving the first signal at the first symbol level, the second signal at the second symbol level, and the third signal at the second symbol level. ### Claim 14 An apparatus, comprising: a transmission line of a bus; a set of receivers coupled with the transmission line, each receiver of the set of receivers configured to compare a first voltage level of the transmission line with a reference voltage level associated with the receiver; and a decoder coupled with the set of receivers and configured to determine a first symbol level of a modulation scheme indicated by the first voltage level based at least in part on a second voltage level of the transmission line corresponding to a second symbol level. ### Claim 15 (depends on 14) The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the first symbol level corresponds to a third voltage level of the transmission line different than the first voltage level. ### Claim 16 (depends on 14) The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the first voltage level indicating the first symbol level is based at least in part on a voltage level of the transmission line transitioning from the second voltage level to the first voltage level. ### Claim 17 (depends on 14) The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the decoder is further configured to determine a third symbol level indicated by the first voltage level based at least in part on a third voltage level of the transmission line corresponding to a fourth symbol level. ### Claim 18 (depends on 17) The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the first voltage level indicating the third symbol level is based at least in part on a voltage level of the transmission line transitioning from the third voltage level to the first voltage level. ### Claim 19 (depends on 14) The apparatus of claim 14, wherein: the set of receivers comprises five receivers, each receiver of the five receivers associated with a different reference voltage level; and the first voltage level is greater than a first reference voltage level associated with a first receiver and less than a second reference voltage level associated with a second receiver. ### Claim 20 (depends on 14) The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the decoder is further configured to determine a second occurrence of the first symbol level indicated by the first voltage level based at least in part on the first voltage level being maintained on the transmission line.