# US 11,909,077 B2 · High energy density redox flow device > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 11,909,077 B2 - Document ID: US11909077B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 17/727,183 - Filed: 2022-04-22 - Published: 2022-08-18 - Granted: 2024-02-20 - Earliest claimed: 2008-06-12 - Assignees: Massachusetts Institute of Technology - Applicants: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 24M Technologies, Inc. - Inventors: Yet-Ming Chiang; William Craig Carter; Mihai Duduta; Pimpa Limthongkul - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US11909077B2 ## CPC - H01M 8/0234: Carbonaceous material - B60L 50/64: Constructional details of batteries specially adapted for electric vehicles - H01M 4/8673: {Electrically conductive fillers} - H01M 4/88: Processes of manufacture - H01M 4/9008: {Organic or organo-metallic compounds} - H01M 4/9016: {Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts} - H01M 8/0206: Metals or alloys - H01M 8/0215: Glass; Ceramic materials - H01M 8/0221: Organic resins; Organic polymers - H01M 8/0228: in the form of layered or coated products - H01M 8/188: {by recharging of redox couples containing fluids; Redox flow type batteries} - H01M 8/20: Indirect fuel cells, e.g. fuel cells with redox couple being irreversible (H01M8/18 takes precedence) - Y02E 60/50: Fuel cells - Y02T 10/70: Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries - H01M: PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY - B60L: PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES (arrangements or mounting of electrical propulsion units or of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion in vehicles B60K1/00, B60K6/20; arrangements or mounting of electrical gearing in vehicles B60K17/12, B60K17/14; preventing wheel slip by reducing power in rail vehicles B61C15/08; dynamo-electric machines H02K; control or regulation of electric motors H02P); SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES (electric coupling devices combined with mechanical couplings of vehicles B60D1/64; electric heating for vehicles B60H1/00); ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL (control or regulation of electric motors H02P); MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES - Y02E: REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION - Y02T: CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION ## Abstract Redox flow devices are described including a positive electrode current collector, a negative electrode current collector, and an ion-permeable membrane separating said positive and negative current collectors, positioned and arranged to define a positive electroactive zone and a negative electroactive zone; wherein at least one of said positive and negative electroactive zone comprises a flowable semi-solid composition comprising ion storage compound particles capable of taking up or releasing said ions during operation of the cell, and wherein the ion storage compound particles have a polydisperse size distribution in which the finest particles present in at least 5 vol % of the total volume, is at least a factor of 5 smaller than the largest particles present in at least 5 vol % of the total volume. ## Claims ### Claim 1 An electrochemical cell comprising: an anode; a cathode; and an ion-permeable membrane disposed between the anode and the cathode; wherein at least one of the anode or the cathode includes an electrode composition comprising solid ion storage compound particles in a liquid electrolyte; and wherein the solid ion storage compound particles are capable of taking up or releasing ions and have a polydisperse size distribution in which the finest particles present in at least 5 vol % of the total volume, is at least a factor of 5 smaller than the largest particles present in at least 5 vol % of the total volume. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the liquid electrolyte is a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the particle packing fraction is at least 55 vol %. ### Claim 4 (depends on 3) The electrochemical cell of claim 3, wherein the particle packing fraction is at least 70 vol %. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the solid ion storage compound particles have a bidisperse size distribution in which the two maxima differ in size by at least a factor of 5. ### Claim 6 (depends on 5) The electrochemical cell of claim 5, wherein the particle size of the maxima for the larger particles is at least 1 micrometer. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the volume percentage of the solid ion storage compound particles is between 5% and 70%. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein of the electrode composition further an electronically conductive material. ### Claim 9 (depends on 8) The electrochemical cell of claim 8, wherein the electrode composition comprises 0.5% to 10% by volume of the electronically conductive material. ### Claim 10 An electrochemical cell comprising: an anode; a cathode; and a separator disposed between the anode and the cathode; wherein at least one of the anode or the cathode includes an electrode composition comprising solid ion storage compound particles in a liquid electrolyte; and wherein the solid ion storage compound particles are capable of taking up or releasing ions and have a polydisperse size distribution in which the finest particles present in at least 5 vol of the total volume, is at least a factor of 5 smaller than the largest particles present in at least 5 vol % of the total volume. ### Claim 11 (depends on 10) The electrochemical cell of claim 10, wherein the liquid electrolyte is a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte. ### Claim 12 (depends on 10) The electrochemical cell of claim 10, wherein the particle packing fraction is at least 55 vol %. ### Claim 13 (depends on 12) The electrochemical cell of claim 12, wherein the particle packing fraction is at least 70 vol %. ### Claim 14 (depends on 10) The electrochemical cell of claim 10, wherein the solid ion storage compound particles have a bidisperse size distribution in which the two maxima differ in size by at least a factor of 5. ### Claim 15 (depends on 14) The electrochemical cell of claim 14, wherein the particle size of the maxima for the larger particles is at least 1 micrometer. ### Claim 16 (depends on 10) The electrochemical cell of claim 10, wherein the volume percentage of the solid ion storage compound particles is between 5% and 70%. ### Claim 17 (depends on 10) The electrochemical cell of claim 10, wherein of the electrode composition further an electronically conductive material. ### Claim 18 (depends on 17) The electrochemical cell of claim 17, wherein the electrode composition comprises 0.5% to 10% by volume of the electronically conductive material.